The Social Class Structures Sociology Essay

The Social Class Structures Sociology Essay The Sumerian human progress was one of the most punctual in Mesopotamia. The Sumerians existed around 3500-1750 B.C. The Sumerian human progress was not found until the nineteenth century. The accompanying original copy will cover three key points the Sumerian Creation Story, the contrasted social class framework with the contemporary United States, and how the progressive structure set out by the Sumerian Empire contrasts and our present criminal equity framework. In conclusion, the instructive material will show the similitudes and contrasts between the old Sumerian Empire and todays contemporary United States. This exploration will assist people with seeing early civic establishments and how they contrast with todays society. The data found will likewise show how early human advancements constructed their social orders. The Social Class Structures and Criminal Justice Systems of Sumerian and the United States Sumer was an assortment of city states around the Lower Tigris and Euphrates streams in what is currently southern Iraq. It was an assortment of cultivating towns. Every one of these urban areas had singular rulers; in spite of the fact that the pioneer of the prevailing city could have been viewed as the lord of the district. The Sumerians shaped the soonest composed language. Their strict convictions likewise are found to have a few similitudes with the Bible, particularly the book of Genesis. This article will thoroughly analyze the Sumerian Empire and the United States. To thoroughly analyze the two the Sumerian Creation, social classes, and criminal equity framework will be evaluated. To begin with, I will assess the narrative of the Sumerian Creation. Next, I will look at the changed social classes between the Sumerian human advancement and the United States. Ultimately, I will talk about the various leveled structure set out by the Sumerian Empire contrasted with our present criminal equity framework. Writing Review This writing audit centers around writing with respect to Sumer and the Sumerian Creation Story, especially concentrating on the Sumerian social class pecking order. Also, this writing audit analyzes the contemporary social structure in the US and the current criminal equity framework. Conversation Sumerian Creation Story The Sumerians Creation Story starts with the earth and the sky being made in the ocean. The Sumerian legends have been sorted out because of the age of the remaining parts found. After the earth and the sky were made the divine beings made urban areas and every city had its own god. The male god, An, and the female god, Ki, brought forth Enlil, the main lord of the pantheon. Enlil impregnated Ninlil, the goddess of wind, which made the moon. At the point when the moon was made then the time had come to make people. The Sumerian divine beings made a few people out of residue or earth. From the assessment of the Sumerians Creation Story similitudes to the Bible can be found. As in Genesis, the Sumerians world is framed the sky and earth are isolated from each other by a strong vault. The second part of Genesis presents the heaven Eden, a spot which is like the Sumerian Dilmun. (Gen. 2:9-10) In the second form of the production of man The Lord God framed man out of the earth of the ground and blew into his noses the breath of life, thus man turned into a living being. The Sumerian divine beings utilized a comparative strategy in making man (Kramer Maier p. 33). Sumerian and United States: Social Class The Sumerian social class is part into three social gatherings. These social gatherings comprise of high society, in the middle of class or working class, and most reduced class. At the highest point of the Sumerian privileged is the lord and clerics. The high society additionally included landowners, government authorities, and shippers. Something that hung out in the Sumerian social class was that ladies had a bigger number of rights in early Sumer than in later Mesopotamia. Privileged ladies were priestesses. The Sumerian ladies were landowners, vendors, craftsmans, and most brought up kids. Slaves made up the least class alongside detainees, vagrants, poor youngsters, and indebted individuals. The Sumerians utilized slaves as modest work. Sumerians permitted slaves the option to work together, acquire cash, and purchase opportunity. In the United States the financial specialists and sociologists have not conceived careful rules for the social classes. Rather there are two set classes including the three-class model that comprise of the rich, white collar class, and poor people. In the three-class model the rich obviously have the riches, working class comprise of the individuals who work clerical employments, and the poor are the industrial specialists or the individuals who are jobless. The other model that is most normally utilized is the five-class model including high society, upper-center, center, lower-center, and lower class. In the five-class model it is penniless down somewhat more. The high society term is applied to the blue bloods who are the families who are multi-generational riches. These families additionally have initiative in high society. The remainder of the privileged is trailed by the individuals who have made huge venture off of capital and investment opportunities just as the corporate ti p top who have significant pay occupations, for example, being a Chief Executive Officers (CEO). The upper white collar class comprises of exceptionally instructed salaried expert: doctors, legal advisors, researchers, and teachers. The upper working class will in general have an extraordinary impact over society. The working class and the lower white collar class appear to cover. The white collar class comprises of semi-experts, specialists, office staff, and deals workers. These individuals frequently have higher educations. The lower white collar class regularly incorporates similar callings with the exception of those in the lower working class don't have a higher education. Those without the professional education are frequently on the passage level in those vocations. The low class is the hands on laborers. These hands on laborers are viewed as the working poor. The majority of the populace in the United States is viewed as the common laborers or the working poor. Sumerian and United States: Criminal Justice System The Sumerian legitimate framework, one of the soonest known criminal equity frameworks, concentrated on a residents consistence with the normal practices and strict convictions of the day. Notwithstanding social class, severe consistence with requests and directions was compensated, while inability to go along was rebuffed (Sterba, 1976, p. 25). Such discipline was equivalent with the injury (Sterba, 1976). The Sumerians built up an arrangement of laws to manage individual wounds, slave issues, sexual offenses, conjugal issues, and agrarian disputesâ' (Milosavljevic, 2007, p. 7). Controlling the conduct of its residents helped maintain the social control. From its soonest days, the criminal equity framework in America has served to ensure the premiums of the rich, property-possessing classes. Wrongdoing is regularly connected with the working poor and the underclass (Jargowsky Park, 2009). Along these lines, wrongdoing is frequently an issue in urban zones with low salary levels. Raised wrongdoing levels have been credited to neighborhood social disorder coming from urban auxiliary changes, private shakiness, and racial/ethnic advances (Jargowsky Park, 2009, p.30). The contemporary criminal equity framework has been seen as a methods for managing class interests by safeguarding that implementation endeavors are coordinated toward the guideline of poor people. (Weiner, 1975, p. 436). End There are a few contrasts among Sumer and contemporary American culture. For example, the situation of ladies is extraordinarily extraordinary in the two social structures. Moreover, subjugation no longer exists in the United States, taking out this least of social classes. The common way of life of Sumer remains in sharp complexity to the entrepreneur society of the United States. At long last, the criminal equity frameworks of these two social orders have various objectives and targets. Among the contrasts among Sumer and the United States is the situation of ladies in the public eye. In Sumer, it was the male residents who included the get together of older folks and who controlled the influence and abundance of the network. Dissimilar to in Sumer, the US is not, at this point controlled only by men. In the United States, the announcement that  ³all men are made equalâ' has been deciphered to incorporate ladies as well as individuals from every social class. The Fourteenth Amendments Equal Protection condition ensures that no state will deny to any individual inside its ward the equivalent insurance of the laws (U.S. Const. Alter. XIV). Accordingly, individuals all things considered, just as ladies, are secured similarly by the laws of the United States. Another distinction among Sumer and the United States is subjugation. Until 1863, servitude was lawful in the United States (Harr Hess, 2002).The Emancipation Proclamation formally liberated the slaves and prohibited subjugation (Harr Hess, 2002). Those in the slave states didn't quickly agree to the Emancipation Announcement (Harr Hess, 2002). The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution canceled subjection in America (U.S. Const. Alter. XIII). Conversely, slaves made up the most minimal social class in Sumer. Dissimilar to in the United States, the individuals of Sumer had a public way of life. Individuals didn't work for cash, nor did they contend to get rich to the detriment of others. The extraordinary greater part securely relied upon the leader of their home to fill their requirements, and he, thusly, relied upon them to increment and ensure his riches and position (Ellison, 1964, p. 22). Further, every city was considered to be the extraordinary worry of one of the divine beings in Mesopotamia, and as it were the equalitarianism of government put each man in the situation of being a watchman of that divine beings interests (Ellison, 1964, p. 24). Conversely, the United States has both urban and country networks in which individuals work for cash and endeavor to better their social circumstance. Also, under free enterprise

English is available for you right here! Essay Example For Students

English is accessible for you directly here! Article I might want to share my thoughts of the fact that it is so critical to improve your English jargon by proceeding to take your English courses all through secondary school. It is a fundamental language in the event that you need to travel worldwide or simply expand on your insight from grade school. Your future boss may be intrigued by your additional expertise of being a bilingual fussbudget. Also, to wrap things up why not yield and allow yourself to rehearse a second language when it is accessible right here! When you have chosen to open yourself to this recognizable language youre allowing yourself the chance to improve and construct your jargon by learning new words through understanding books and stories which is essential and indispensable to learning the English angles, for example, perusing, composing, tuning in, talking . . . The English course in secondary school isn't only about understanding books or responding to questions throughout the entire time frame, it is tied in with having a scholarly conversation or communicating your assessments of various issues with your cohorts of what youve read and growing each angle in the language all through the whole semester. It is utilized as a device for correspondence and a bearer of data all inclusive. When making a trip to a remote country there is a high chance that the main language you will discover or be able to impart and comprehend will be spoken in English by a specific person. You will figure out how to improve and ace the parts of the English language all through your three years of secondary school however it is all dependent upon you to settle on a choice and improve your English abilities. As indicated by en. wikipedia. organization The free reference book in Canada English is spoken by practically 85% of Canadians which demonstrate to you that it is practically basic for a person to be acquainted with the various parts of English particularly in the workplace power except if you choose to go dwell in Quebec where it is the main Canadian territory where English is a minority language. It frees you up to additional opportunities you would not have on the off chance that you chose not to keep on improving your insight in English, such as having the decision to pick between a post auxiliary training in English or French. It additionally gives you more choices or proposals for your boss to choose you from the a large number of different people groups going after that equivalent office position spot. At the end of the day it isolates you from the individuals constrained to one language. By investing your psyche and energy to it you can without much of a stretch prevail in your English classes since it is simpler to communicate take it from me. It gives you a gigantic preferred position particularly in the work power of being bilingual, and being acceptable at it, since certain individuals around the globe, for the most part in immature nations, have little instruction even in their own primary language and can't practice or study their own language. Here in Canada we get that opportunity. The main instruction they get is basic however essential training which is conventional training regarded fundamental for someone to work appropriately in the public eye meaning these individuals just figure out how to decrease infections through information in cleanliness and nourishment, lessening undesirable pregnancies, and how to diminish brutality by expanding comprehension of peaceful approaches to take care of issues or gathering clashes. Source: en. wikipedia. organization The free reference book So why not offer yourself the chance to rehearse a second language that is accessible to you just by posting it on your course determinations. .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .postImageUrl , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:hover , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:visited , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:active { border:0!important; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:active , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub82 f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Catcher in the rye5 EssayIt is accessible and it is directly here before you make your pick let us trust it is the best one, you won't think twice about it. You will peruse. You will learn. You will long assortment. You will be thankful and value your decision. Choose now and settle on the better decision. On the off chance that you need to cut yourself from the lines of correspondence or assortment and change, simply stay with French. In any case, I prompt that you surrender to potential outcomes and openings by improving your bilingualism. Your manager will be glad to have you in his group, he may even hush up about you close on the off chance that he needs you to decipher something in French. On the off chance that you are dedicated to learning new words and expand your jargon and perusing abilities in English well try to include the English courses in your courses choices, Im sure our understudy guides at our school will be glad to get us out and energize us wouldnt you think? In addition, I dont figure you would truly detest English or not be intrigued at all of what I need to state about how significant the English courses are on the grounds that you wouldnt be perusing this influential paper at this moment! Shucks..! I may even choose to go to Spain and learn Spanish in the coming years.. also, become trilingual!

Admissions and Grocery Stores - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Admissions and Grocery Stores - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Admissions and Grocery Stores Imagine that you are in an admissions grocery store, and every cart is a students admissions file. The shelves are stocked with different items to fill each cart, from transcripts to teacher recommendations, counselor forms to resumes, etc. Every time a student applies a cart is created. The admissions office then needs to go to the different aisles and pull down the items for that specific student, and then add it to the cart so that it is ready for check out (or to be reviewed for admission). Sounds pretty easy, right? But now imagine the days surrounding a deadline. It is sort of like the scene in a grocery store when the threat of snow hits, with everyone scrambling to add milk and bread to their cart, suppliers racing to the stores to restock the shelves before the weather hits, and employees trying to calm the masses as the checkout lines get longer and the aisles get crowded. Now add into this suppliers shipping thousands of items to the store before the shoppers even get there, or worse, sending items to the store that will never be picked up (every year, we receive about 40,000 items for non-existent applicants). These items clutter up the aisles, the back storerooms, and all around the store, making it difficult to match up items with the right carts. If items are shipped to the store after the application cart is created, we can just add the items straight into the cart, but if they are sent well before the app (or are send by paper prior to the app), we have to stock them on the shelves and wait for the cart to be created. That takes time. It becomes a little crazy during the days and weeks leading up to our deadlines, so we ask for a little patience as we get into deadline season. It becomes especially crazy during the holiday times (and right after), as some materials cant be loaded into carts if we are all on holiday. Here are a few suggestions to help calm the madness: Dont wait until the deadline to apply. Deadline applications only cause stress for you, your parents, your school officials, and us. If you are going to send in items, we prefer electronic documents. We are lucky enough to have a great electronic document auto-matching system, even to the point of holding them for about 40 days in an e-cloud until you apply. This allows for us to wait until an application/shopping cart is created, and then have the items flow right into your cart without us having to even touch them. If you are not sure if you are going to apply, dont have your materials sent to us, at least not until you actually decide to apply. Check your grocery list before you shop/apply. Dont wait until the last minute to check and see what you need to have in your cart. Seriously, dont do it. Make sure your name and date of birth on your materials and test scores match your application. If you tell me to find Trey Rogers test scores, but your real name is Jonathan Rogers III, we will not be able to find these on the shelf. The only exception to sending things in prior to the application are test scores, as these are always held electronically and can be matched at the point of applying or after, as long as the full name and DOB matches. If you need to have something mailed to us, understand that it takes time for the postal service to get it here and allow for that. In addition, only have mailed items sent to us after you apply. Be patient. If you request an item, dont expect it to be on the shelf or in your cart in 5 minutes. Give the sender and the receiver time to do their job. I hope this helps, and Go Dawgs!

Analysis Of Howard Zinn s A People s History Of The...

Jalen Booth Murphy APUSH 3/3/15 Native American Essay Since the very first contact, the Native Americans have been treated as subordinates, being mistreated, shamed, embarrassed, and oppressed by white settlers. After the Revolutionary War in the late 1700’s, matters only got worse for the Native Americans. Population was skyrocketing due to a great deal of immigration of white settlers in the early to mid 1800’s, and there wasn’t enough space for everyone. With this came expansion, and to reach the goals they had set out for it, the Native Americans had to go. A prime example of this is shown in Howard Zinn’s â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† where in chapter seven he talks about the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands, carelessness and failure by the American government to protect, and multiple slaughters carried out by the American military on the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, Sac and Fox, and the Seminole tribes. Closely related is â€Å"Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee,† written by Dee Brown, his writings from chapter thirteen focus on the Nez Perces tribe that resided in Oregon, and their attempt at a journey in Canada, and other western Indian tribes’ affairs. To go along with Zinn and Brown, is Alan Brinkley’s â€Å"American History,† which posed an unbiased view of what modern day textbooks are informing students across the nation about what happened to the Native Americans. An article titled â€Å"The North American Indian Holocaust,† written byShow MoreRelatedThe Patriot s History Of The United States1589 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the Civil War, the United State began to experience an industrial growth that was unparalleled to any nation. There were new advancements among America’s transportation, manufacturing and agriculture industries. 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The Presidential Election Day Falls - 1290 Words

The Presidential Election Day falls on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November every four years in the United States. However, when Election Day is over the people are not who have done the electing. In the United States, citizens elect the president not by a popular vote but through the Electoral College. The Electoral College is comprised of five hundred fifty-three electors. There is one elector for every state senator and every member of the House of Representatives per state as well as three electors from Washington, DC. (Khan 2014) The political parties choose the electors. Most of the United States has adopted the winner-take-all system; this means the candidate who has fifty-one percent or more of the votes then†¦show more content†¦The president-elect takes the oath of office and is sworn in as president of the US on January 20 in the year after the election. (Office of Federal Register 2014) As a citizen of the United States we go to the polls and vote for the electors of the candidate we want as president†¦or do we? (Office of Federal Register 2014) Four times in the history of elections in the United States has a candidate has won the popular vote but lost the election due to the electoral vote. The first time was in 1824, when Andrew Jackson won both the popular vote and the electoral vote, however because in the four-person election no one won a majority of fifty percent in the electoral college, this allowed the House of Representatives to chose the winner†¦choosing John Quincy Adams who came in second behind Jackson in both votes. The second time it happen was in 1876, when Samuel J. Tilden won fifty-one percent of the popular vote and Rutherford B. Hayes only won forty-eight percent, the electoral college vote was 184-185, and a special electoral commission picked Hayes over Tilden. The third time was in 1888, when Benjamin Harrison won the election over Grover Cleveland with 233 electoral votes even though he had the lower popular vote. The fourth and most resent time was in 2000, when Al Gore won the popular vote, but George W. Bush won the Electoral College so won the presidency. Another discrepancy that has happen is the electors whom are supposed to vote in agreement with

The impact of Climatic Change on the Decline of Black French Truffle Free Essays

Introduction 1.2 Background Truffles grow under a very sensitive environment; they naturally occur in the Mediterranean region of Europe. This has been a mysterious crop grown under a veil of secrecy for years in this region of Europe (Ruffles Estate, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of Climatic Change on the Decline of Black French Truffle or any similar topic only for you Order Now This crop is regarded as a delicacy and has sustained its appeal to food lovers all around the world. Truffle are actually a unique edible mushroom that grows underground also regarded as a fungus and is considered a delicacy complimenting the best foods worldwide. Its aroma as well as flavour is commonly described as unique (Ruffles Estate, 2013). The most preferred quality in truffle market is the black French truffle also known as Tuber melanosporum is one of the most expensive varieties in the market and occurs naturally in parts of France also geographical referred to as the Mediterranean basin (Jolly, 2012). However, the Tuber melanosporum is becoming scarcer, and there is a common idea that this scarcity is due to global change of the climate (Jolly, 2012). This has led to a sharp price increase of this rare commodity, but most of all is the concern of the gradual decline in its availability. Europe, and more so, the Mediterranean basin has seen a steady decline of this rar e species over the last 40 years (FAIR, 2000). This decline has been both in quantity, as well as quality, however this paper will examine the former. 1.3 Project Aims and Objectives This project’s principle aim is to collect and analyse data using both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the increasing decline in the production of black truffles from France also referred to as Perigord truffle and Tuber melanosporum. In this regard, the project will adopt cause-effect deductions, hypothesis testing, and observations to develop understanding this decline in truffle production and in particular whether it affects the natural occurring or cultivated truffles. A secondary aim of this project considers the reasons for the decline of production of the black French truffle. This project, through careful analysis of related research acknowledges the fact that there is a general decline in natural occurring truffle and that this decline is associated with various factors. The study seeks to identify the main reason for the decline in production and harvesting of black French truffles. The study also aims at providing recommendations to address the decline in truffle production. This study will be documented accurately in order to provide subsequent researchers with all the information necessary to further the development in this field of study. Literature Review In consideration of Truffles biological and ecological growth and development Smith and Read (1997), assert that root symbionts are most significant in checking the ecosystem function in most temperate forests of the world, and this includes the rare ectomycorrhizal fungi. Their main function is the provision of the much needed trace minerals to the truffles as well as protection from drought, disease causing agents and pests (Garbaye, 2000; Govindarajulu et al., 2005). Smith and Read (1997) further add that truffles reciprocate provision of food and protection from disease with provision of carbon to the micro-organisms. The ecology in these temperate regions is complexly interconnected, the mushrooms that are produced by the micro-organisms and are significant sources of food for the animal populations in the forests (Carey et al., 2000). However, according to FAIR (2000), the black truffles production in Europe has dramatically declined over the last half century, this is both in quality as well as quantity. Furthermore, efforts have been made to increase the vegetation that promote truffle growth, but the decline has persisted. This trend had been identified earlier by Cherfas (1991), and in his research, he claimed that the decline had begun over 100 years ago in the natural habitat, in the temperate forests. The cause of this decline in the growth and development of black truffles has been the subject of inquiries and research. There is still little explanation for these long term decline in both natural and cultivated truffle.Research is needed to help understand this decline, the real difficulty lay in understanding the underground microbial since experimental environments fail to match the necessary real world conditions (Macdonald et al., 2005). As a matter of fact Lamon et al (2009) agree that there is sca rcity of much needed extended observations of quantitative data generated from natural the natural setting. Chevalier et al. ( 2001), assert that both Tuber melanosporum and Tuber magnatum are the most valuable species in the market. These varieties are also the endangered species at the brink of extinction. Hall et al. (2001), in their findings explain that geographically, Tuber melanosporum naturally occurs in France, Italy, Bulgaria and certain areas in Europe. Martin, F. et al (2010), specifically examines the decline in the production of Tuber melanosporum, however, he also adds that they naturally occur in the Mediterranean habitat. Sourzat (2002), in the french publication, explains that T. melanosporum’s fruits best in its natural setting characterized by rocks, forests that are open that are generally warm with mild winter seasons, as well, as regular precipitation in the summers. In addition, best production is expected on the slopes where the produce receives protection from excessive cold and dry wind. According to Hall et al. (2001), research reveals that truffier es grown in rainy areas with lower temperatures and have not yielded any truffles. In fact, truffles of the T. melanosporum species grew best in climatic regions with between 600-1500 mm average precipitations, average temperatures of 18-21 degree Celsius in the summer and the winter, an average of 1-8 degree Celsius (Zambonelli Di Munno, 1992). It seems areas that continuously have frozen ground in the cold seasons are not suited for the growth of T. melanosporum because the fruits spoil when frozen. Fontana and Bonfante (1971) in their publication introduce the idea of growing truffle fungi in an artificial environment. They explain that this idea was to supplement the deficit of the produce collected in the natural habitat. This method was developed back in the 1970s indication that the decline of truffle had already been the cause of concern in the market. By the turn of the millennium, truffle grown in orchards accounted for half of the truffle produced around the world (Hall et al., 2003). It also important to note that a majority of these orchards are developed within truffles natural geographic areas. Having highlighted the required natural habitats for the truffles, and in reference to their decline, there are several suggestions based on various research on this decline. Cherfas (1991) traces back the history of this decline by asserting that the number of mushroom species gathered in every foray dropped from 72 to 38 between 1912 and 1982 in the Netherlands. In the same publication, it is revealed that chanterelles in central European market in mid 1970s were found to have reduced in size 50 times than those in 1950s. Hall et al.(2003) in their publication reveal that, by the 20th Century, T. melanosporum in the French market had dropped to 2000 tons annually and a further decline was witnessed by the turn of the 21st Century by 150 tons. It is true that the truffle harvesting in France has been an affair by a small number of people who mainly collected them from their natural setting. As seen in the previous paragraph, there is an increase in production of truffles in orchar ds as a supplement to the dwindling natural supply. In a later publication Hall et al., (2007), affirm that the decline in natural truffle harvest has persisted and is at an all time low of between 12 to 150 tonnes per year from the 1000 to 2000 tonnes in the 1990s. The steady decline in the production of truffle has led to the rise in price per unit over the last decade with an increase in demand (Lee, 2008). The decline of French Truffle has been a point of concern in the scientific research circles with some as Hall et al. (2003) in their study, pointing at water and air pollution, in addition to other factors including, the dynamism in forest structure and the lack of knowledge in traditional gathering as a result of world wars. Similar findings have been published in a report by Amaranthus (2007) citing destruction of truffle natural habitat, urban development, among the reasons for the decline. Such factors are most likely to continue reducing the production figures and specifically those in their natural settings (Amaranthus, 2007; Hall et al., 2007). Garvey and Cooper (2004), in their report further allude that this decline in natural habitat has resulted in the production of truffles on cultivated farms where the trees or truffieres are inoculated. However, these remedies cannot beat the native oak and hazel vegetation as the major producer of the French black truffles in France. In the recent years, the decline in truffle has been experienced in many regions of the world and especially the fast declining French black truffle or the Tuber melanosporum. However, it appears that most researchers are turning to climate as the main culprit. Buntgen et al.(2012) in their study on drought induced truffle decline explains the effect of climate on the production of truffle. They claim in their research that the effect of climate can either be directly or through the truffles symbiotic host vegetation. This literature review delves much into this article because of its relevance to the topic. Buntgen et al. (2012), provide in depth review on the yearly inventory of regional collection of truffle from Spain consisting of Aragon, France mainly a Perigord or Tuber melanosporum, and Italy a combination of Piedmont and Umbria. In this analysis, they indicate that the change in truffle production between 1970 and 2006 was similar between the species from Spain and France that is Aragon and Perigord respectively. Their analysis also found a lack of similarities in changes of production between Perigord and Piedmont–Umbria from France and Italy respectively. This observation from the regional-scale coherency is consistent with Sourzat (2002) observation that western mediterranean basin is the home of truffle fruiting. In addition, the harvests of Aragon and Perigord have revealed significant correlation, this the authors relate to the similarity in summer precipitation, whereas lack of correlations was found between Piedmont and Umbria production and precipitation (Buntgen et al., 2012). The difference in levels of sensitivity here is understandable because the Piedmont and Umbria experience double summer precipitation than Spanish Aragon with Perigord ranging in between (Zambonelli Di Munno, 1992). The average of the three, truffle production outcomes, their regional mean correlated both positively and negatively at higher significant leve l of 99.9 percent with between June and August rainfall totals as well as maxima temperatures. The authors, Buntgen et al.(2012), posits in their analysis that both the natural and the cultivated truffles in the Mediterranean are seasonal and are subjected to the season between November and February a claim supported by Mello et al., (2006). In addition, this is dependent on the summer condition with rainy and cold weather instrumental in the fruit body development as supported by Gallot, (1999) in his publication more than a decade prior to Buntgen et al., (2012). Buntgen et al. (2012) postulate that given the relationship between fungi and host vegetation, there is bound to be competition for moisture due to the amount of rainfall in this season and this correlate significantly at 99.9 percent level with the yield. Fischer and Schar, (2010) present a suite of a dozen climatic models leading to rise in mean temperatures and decrease in rainfall totals for the Mediterranean region until the end of the 21st Century. This is indicative of the increased summer evapotranspiratio n. It is interesting to note that the simulated southwest European climatic conditions representing the last ten years are consistent to the drop in the production of truffle harvest (Buntgen et al., 2012). Nonetheless, Buntgen et al. (2012), state that it is unclear whether the truffle will reach tipping points as a result of the projected shift in climate, this is regard to their physiological and biogeochemical fruit body development. In their assumption, the expected or projected summer dryness will result in a sustained decline, in truffle yield, while the regions north of Alpine arc are most likely to provide suitable habitat for the truffle due to their calcareousness. Based on their observations, Buntgen et al.(2012), are inclined to the idea that climatic change and more so reduced summer precipitation and increased temperatures are the cause for truffle yields in the Mediterranean basin the natural habitat of T. melanosporum. Mello et al. (2006), in their analysis claim that the reduction in future summer rainfall coupled with summer aridity will result in drought resistant strain of T. melanosporum within its natural setting or distribution range. Samils, et al, (2008) in their research predict that the expected drop in truffle harvest in the Mediterranean region, will have a significant impact not only on the local tourism, but the agriculture as well as the global prices of this valuable commodity. This is most likely to increase the value of other varieties with artificial metabolism and not specific to the requirements of their ecological niche as the T. melanosporum (Mello et al., 2006;Gallot, 1999). This might see an increase in T. aestivum cultivation in areas where traditionally T. melanosporum was predominant as well as an increase in demand of truffle from non-traditional T. melanosporum producing regions outside Europe (Buntgen et al., 2012). Splivallo et al. (2012), in their analysis of the Burgundy truffle, suggest that the change in climatic conditions that were said to have begun a century ago has no impact on the current burgundy truffle distribution. However, they concur with Buntgen et al.(2012) on the impact of climatic change on species with narrower ranges such as the French black truffle, Perigord or Tuber melanosporum, and Italy a combination of Piedmont and Umbria. They support this by claiming that if the climate fails to restrict the distribution of these two species, then even a slight temperature increase in northern Europe as predicted by Buntgen et al. (2012) might result in its northern expansion. They confirm what Chevalier et al.(2001) had outlined that rainfall, soil composition are also factors that contribute to the decline in the production of Perigord. Splivallo et al. (2012), concur with Buntgen et al.(2012) assertion that other options will be needed to avert the looming shortage of this truf fle species, success cultivation lies in orchard farming as a change from the current empirical practices. They claim that cultivation of truffle in a bid to mitigate the effects of climate change which is a major cause of the decline should be based on scientific evidence. Therefore, the rise in temperature, in its self, will not be sufficient for the shift of truffle production in the northern European region (Splivallo et al., 2012). Methodology and Procedure 3.1 Research Design This study will adopt a mixed methods research design. This process entails collecting and analysing data using both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the research problem comprehensively. When both qualitative and quantitative methods are combined in research, they supplement each other allowing a comprehensive analysis of the research problem (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003). According to Charles Mertler (2002), quantitative methods deal with numerical data using cause-effect deductions, hypothesis testing, and observations to develop an understanding of the research issue. On the other hand, qualitative methods require the researcher to develop a complete picture of the research issues by conducting an in-depth analysis of words, as well as, compiled reports by the study participants. In this approach, the researcher adopts a constructivist approach to have a complete understanding of the problem centred on different contextual aspects (Charles Mertler, 2002). In the mixed research methods, the uses pragmatic philosophy by affirming that truth is what works. Therefore, mixed methods integrate both text and numerical data to give a clear overview of the research problem. In this regard, this study will use surveys and interviews since they are the most popular data collection research tools (Creswell, 2002). In the first step of data collection, a web-based survey will be used, and data analysed using discriminant function. The qualitative method will involve semi-structured interviews to collect textual data from people to regarding the decline of Truffles. 3.2 Research Sample The target population sample will be about 1,200 environmentalists and hoteliers in France regarding the decline of truffles. These individuals are people who have been working in the hotel and environmental sectors in France. For the first quantitative stage of the research, a convenience sample will be chosen comprising individuals studying truffles decline, locals, and environmentalists, as well as, hoteliers. For the qualitative phase of the research, a smaller sample will be used to understand the main issue regarding the decline of French truffle (Creswell, 2002, p. 194). This is to ensure the selected participants will give appropriate answers to the research questions. Besides, for the qualitative part of the research, participants will be notified of their selection for voluntary follow-up individual interviews. Given the use of mixed methods research in the study, selection of participants for the qualitative part will rely on the outcomes of the quantitative stage. The us e of this approach will ensure the researcher gets a multidimensional outlook of the research problem. For this research, the participants will be chosen centred on the statistically significant difference outcomes of the discriminant function analysis. 3.3 Data Collection For the quantitative phase of the research, a cross-sectional survey will be used; this implies that statistics will be gathered at one point in time (McMillan, 2000). The survey used for this research will be of different formats including multiple choices, yes/no questions, self-evaluation items, and open-ended questions. The questionnaire will comprise twenty four questions divided equally into six sections. The first section will contain questions regarding truffles and the participant’s understanding of truffles measured on a 7-point Likert scale. The second part will evaluate the participants’ awareness regarding the decline of truffles using a 7-point scale. The third part will provide information regarding the factors participants believe to cause a decline in truffles. The current issues regarding management of truffles will constitute the fourth part while the fifth segment will provide data answering how ecological factors influence truffles survival. Demogra phic questions will be in the sixth part of the survey regarding data about the participants’ age, residency, gender, and employment among others. Besides, the final question in the survey will be open-ended asking for additional information about truffles decline in France. The survey will be web-based accessible through a URL address given to the participants. For the qualitative method, in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews will be used to collect data. Half of the research sample will be interviewed regarding the research question. Historical texts will be further used to validate the data collected from the interviews. The interviews will include twenty open-ended questions pilot-tested before the interviews. The interviews questions will be formulated based on the results from the quantitative method. During the interview, the participants will be debriefed to obtain reliable information for the interview questions though, they will be issued with the questions prior to the interviews. The interviews will be tape recorded with the participants’ consent and a copy of the transcript emailed to them after the interview. The respondents will also be allowed to review their answers for the interview transcripts to ascertain their correctness. 3.4 Data Analysis Prior to the statistical analysis of the survey results, the data will be screened on both univariate and multivariate levels. This will help the research detect any multicollinearity in the collected data. Any data that shows a high probability in another category will be excluded during the analysis since they may give a poor model fit (Tabachnick Fidell, 2000). The research’s data screening will entail descriptive statistics for the variables, linearity and homoscedasticity, normality, multivariate outliers, multicollinearity and singularity. The descriptive statistics will be tabulated, and a frequency’s analysis conducted to determine the validity of the survey questions. The discriminant function analysis will be used to determine the proportion by which the variables differ, and classify the functions into predictable groups. The results will then be reported in the form of discussion. Nonetheless, all the statistical analyses will be conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) version 11.0. In most qualitative research, data collection and analysis progress concurrently. For the qualitative analysis, data collected from the interviews will be coded and analysed for premises using the Qualitative Software and Research (QSR) N6 for qualitative data analysis. Furthermore, a visual data display will be used to identify the relationship in the data collected from the interviews. Data analysis for this phase of the research will involve creating a comprehensive description of the results; the researcher situates the cases in its context to make the case descriptions, and premises related to particular activities in the study’s outcomes (Creswell Maitta, 2002). The researcher will construe the meaning of the results and describe them in the discussion section of the research proposal. Bibliography Amaranthus, M., 2007. Independent Truffle Expert’s Report in Product Disclosure Statement for the Oak Valley Truffle Project. Oak Valley Project. Buntgen, U. et al., 2012. Drought-induced decline in Mediterranean truffle harvest. Nature Climate Change, 2, pp.827-29. Carey, A.B., Colgan, W., Trappe, J.M. Molina, R., 2000. Effects of forest management on truffle abundance and squirrel diets. Northwest Science , 76, pp.148–57. Charles, C.M. Mertler, C.A., 2002. Introduction to educational research. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Cherfas, J., 1991. Disappearing mushrooms: Another mass extinction?. Science, pp.254: 1448. Chevalier, G., Gregori, G., Frochot, H. Zambonelli, A., 2001. The cultivation of the Burgundy truffle. In Proc Second Intl Conf on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Christchurch: Crop Food Research Limited. pp.1-12. Creswell, J.W., 2002. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education. Creswell, J.W. Maitta, R., 2002. Qualitative research. In N. Salkind, ed. Handbook of research design and social measurement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp.143-84. FAIR, 2000. Improvement of the organoleptic quality of European truffles (EUROTRUFFE). Cooperative Research Measures. Fischer, E.M. Schar, C., 2010. Nature. Geoscience, 3, pp.398–403. Fontana, A. Bonfante, P., 1971. Mycorrhizal synthesis between Tuber brumale Vitt.and Pinus nigra Arnold. Allionia, 17, pp.15-18. Gallot, G., 1999. La truffe. INRA. Garbaye, J., 2000. The role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the resistance of forests to water stress. Outlook on Agriculture , 29, pp.63-69. Garvey, D. Cooper, P., 2004. Increasing the productivity of truffieres in Tasmania. RIRDC. Govindarajulu, M. et al., 2005. Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature , 435, pp.819-23. Hall, I.R., Brown, G.T. Zamboneli, A., 2007. Taming the Truffle. The History Lore and Science of the Ulimate Mashroom. Timber Press. Hall, I., Byars, J. Brown, G., 2001. The Black Truffle: Its History, Uses and Cultivation. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop Food Research Limited. Hall, I., Yun, W. Amicucci, A., 2003. Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends in Biotechnology, 21, pp.433–438. Jolly, D., 2012. $1,200 a Pound, Truffles Suffer in the Heat. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/business/global/is-climate-change-shrinking-the-luxury-truffle-crop.html?_r=0 [Accessed 2 December 2013]. Lamon, L. et al, 2009. Environmental Science Technology, 43, pp.5818–5824. Lee, B., 2008. Taking Stock of the Australian Truffle Industry. Barton: Canprint. Macdonald, R.W., Harner, T. Fyfe, 2005. Macdonald, R. W., Harner, T. Fyfe, J. Sci. Total Environ. J. Sci. Total Environ., 342, pp.5–86. Martin, F. et al, 2010. Tuber melanosporum. Nature , 464, pp.1033–38. McMillan, J.H., 2000. Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer. 3rd ed. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman. Mello, A., Murat, C. Bonfante, P., 2006. FEMS Microbiol.. Lett, 260, pp.1–8. Ruffles Estate, 2013. An Internationally Recognised Gourmet Experience. [Online] Ruffles Estate Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://canberratruffles.com.au/† http://canberratruffles.com.au/ [Accessed 2 December 2013]. Samils, et al, 2008. Econ. Bot., 62, pp.331–40. Smith, S. Read, D.J., 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London: Academic Press. Sourzat, P., 2002. Guide pratique de trufficulture. Station d’experimentation sur la truffe. Le Montat: Lycee professionnel agricole et viticole de Cahors. Splivallo, R. et al., 2012. Is climate change altering the geographic distribution of truffles. Front Ecol Environ, 10, pp.461–62. Tabachnick, B.G. Fidell, L.S., 2000. Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn Bacon. Tashakkori, A. Teddlie, C., 2003. Handbook on mixed methods in the behavioral and social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Zambonelli, A. Di Munno, R., 1992. Indagine sulla possibilita di diffusione dei rimboschimenti con specie tartufigene: aspetti tecnico-colturali ed economici. Ministero dell’Agricoltura e delle Foreste. How to cite The impact of Climatic Change on the Decline of Black French Truffle, Essay examples

A Breath of Fresh Air free essay sample

It is common knowledge that second hand smoke is extremely dangerous for your health and even more dangerous to infants and children. Exposure to second hand smoke causes 150,000 to 300,000 acute lower respiratory tract infections (pneumonia and bronchitis) annually in children 18 months and younger; these infections result in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations each year. Second hand smoke exposure causes buildup of fluid in the middle of the ear, resulting in childhood operations and of childhood hearing loss. A California EPA study estimates that 46,000 (range is between 22,700 and 69,600) cardiovascular deaths, 3400 lung cancer deaths and 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths are annually associated with second hand smoke exposure. 1 Many children are essentially forced to breathe in toxic fumes and particulates due to their parents’, siblings’, and surrounding elders’ poor choices. Enforcing stricter smoking laws and regulations can drastically help the effects second hand smoke causes in children’s health. â€Å"Choice† is a key word and the children do not have one. It is up to us, as responsible adults, to protect them and give them a healthy living environment for them to grow and develop in. Second- hand smoke, side-stream smoke or passive smoke can affect anyone near it, including innocent children which are sometimes overlooked. Infants and young children are especially susceptible since their lungs are still developing and childhood exposure to second hand smoke results in decreased lung function. Children who breathe second hand smoke are more likely to suffer from cough, wheeze, phlegm and breathlessness. There are many ways we can help protect them with simple changes in the way we live today. While Environmental Tobacco Smoke exposure, otherwise known as ETS, is on the decline in California due to increased public awareness of its harmful effects, smoking in vehicles still poses a very real threat to vehicle occupants, especially children. Smoking can cause respirable suspended particle, otherwise known as RSP, and CO levels in cars to reach high levels when the windows are open or closed. Recent research from the Harvard School of Public Health has shown that ETS in cars can reach levels comparable to smoky bars or restaurants. In addition, smoke can settle on car surfaces, including child safety seats, making it possible for children to pick up ETS with their fingers, which they may place in their mouths, causing them to ingest ETS particles. In fact, next to workplaces, homes and cars are considered the most unhealthy places in terms of ETS exposure, again particularly for children. One step that we have made in the right direction towards car air quality for children, is Article 2. 5 Smoking in Motor Vehicles 118947, the Marco Firebaugh Memorial Children’s Health and Safety Act of 2007, otherwise known as the â€Å"Smoke Free Cars† law. It was enforced as of January 1st 2008 and states that it is unlawful for a person to smoke a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in a motor vehicle, whether in motion or at rest, in which there is a minor. A violation of this section is an infraction punishable by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars for each violation. Even though this new law is a great start to shielding children’s health problems from second hand smoke, there are still things that can be changed within this same law to maximize its power. For instance, this law states that a law enforcement officer shall not stop a vehicle for the sole purpose of determining whether the driver is in violation of this article. This part of the act should be changed, giving law enforcement the power to stop a vehicle just to determine whether a violation is taking place so that this law can have more of an impact. This act also punishes the violators by placing a fine of no more than one hundred dollars for each violation. I feel that this punishment is not enough and should be raised to a higher fine of at least two hundred and fifty dollars per offense with the ability for the fine amount to increase with each following offense. Higher penalties for the violation of this law would help make people understand the severity of their actions and hopefully change their habits. An act to amend Sections 19994. 30 and 19994. 33 of Part 2. 6 of Division 5 of the Government Code relating to tobacco, states that no public employee or member of the public shall smoke any tobacco product inside a public building, or in an outdoor area within twenty feet of a main exit, entrance, or operable window of a public building. When walking up to a building with people smoking twenty feet from the entrance, the presence of smoke is still very strong and apparent to almost anyone walking through it. Twenty feet from an entrance, exit, or operable window to a building is still too close for people to be smoking without risking second hand smoke effects. The current Surgeon General’s Report states that there is no risk-free level of second hand smoke exposure. Even brief exposures can be harmful to children. If this distance were to be changed to twice the amount, it would allow for a larger pathway to enter or exit a building without having to suffer from exposure we are currently bare to under the current law of only twenty feet. Another part of today’s law that should be revisited and updated is the current smoking age. The California law for buying tobacco products (cigarettes) is eighteen. up the habit before the age of twenty-one. 5 Raising the required age to purchase cigarettes to twenty-five would greatly shrink the potential dangers of having ignorant and uneducated smokers poisoning others around them. Being eighteen years of age does not necessarily mean you can make adult decisions. Besides raising the legal smoking age, doing things like demanding television channels to air more anti-smoking ads, like the truth commercials, or just airing the anti-smoking ads more frequently during prime time hours would decrease the current smoker numbers and prevent future smokers from picking up the dangerously addictive habit and in turn, damaging children’s health due to second hand smoke. Education is the best deterrent to preventing smokers to smoke and potential smokers to start. Although we can cut down on children’s contact to second hand smoke in and around public buildings and now even in vehicles, there is still the huge problem of the second hand smoke that is inhaled by children in their own home. The National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children’s Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (NSEMA/CEE) (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004) has found that 11% of children aged 6 years and under are exposed to ETS in their homes on a regular basis (4 or more days per week) compared to 20% in the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and that parents are responsible for 90% of children’s exposure to ETS. Children face a higher risk than adults of the negative effects of secondhand smoke. Not only is a childs body still developing physically, but their breathing rate is faster than that of adults. Adults breathe in and out approximately 14 to 18 times a minute, where newborns can breathe as many as 60 times a minute. Up until a child is about 5 years old, the respiratory rate is quite fast; usually between 20 and 60 breaths per minute. When the air is tainted with cigarette smoke, young, developing lungs receive a higher concentration of inhaled toxins than do older lungs. 6 To cut down on children involuntarily inhaling second hand smoking in the home, a new law should be passed making it illegal to smoke in your house, apartment, condo, trailer, etc. if there are children living there. Cigarette smoking should only be permitted outdoors on the porch or balcony with the door and windows closed and the person smoking being of no less than forty feet from the entrance, exit, or windows. Harsh fines should be put into action if parents, siblings, family members or even babysitters decide to smoke indoors with children currently living there. With these laws into place we can protect our children and give them a much stronger chance of living a long healthy life. One great law that the Government has implemented in order to reduce the appeal of smoking and the risks of second hand smoke, chiefly dwindling the amount of smokers in the United States, is the taxes on tobacco. In California, due to proposition 10, every pack of cigarettes sold has an automatic eighty-seven cent tax attached to it. California is ranked 30th among all fifty states when it comes to cigarette taxes, where as New Jersey is ranked number one, with a $2. 7 tax added to each pack sold. The more taxes added to tobacco purchases the more money there will be present for paying for health and smoking-cessation programs. Tobacco products are taxed by the Tobacco Products Surtax, which is currently 46. 7% of the cost of the product. Tobacco products include cigars, unrolled tobacco, snuff, chewing tobacco, and any other product, which contains 50 percent tobacco or more. The California State Board of Equalization determines the annual surtax rate. Proposition 86 would amend the state constitution by raising the tax on cigarettes in California an additional $2. 64 per pack above the current cost of about $4. 00 a pack, effectively raising the cost of a pack of cigarettes to close to $7. 00. The Board of Equalization is required by state law to increase taxes on other tobacco products in an amount equivalent to any increase in the tax on cigarettes. Prop. 86, therefore, would increase the excise tax on other tobacco products. Proposition 86 ould likely increase excise tax revenues for about $2. 1 billion annually in 2007-08. 7 Unfortunately proposition 86 did not pass and cigarettes in California only have an eight-seven cent tax on them. Making cigarettes unaffordable is a great way to reduce the number of tobacco consumers however the taxes should be steeper in order to effectively lessen cigarette purchases. If this higher tax would be implemented, there would be fewer and fewer smokers, which makes for lesser and lesser second hand smoke. With all the new rules and regulations enforced; smoke free cars, extending the distance of smoking by entryway, increasing the age to purchase cigarettes, prohibiting smoking in the home with children living there, and the increased taxes on cigarettes, innocent bystanders will remarkably suffer less then they do now by second hand smoke. Ignorance today is causing children to experience asthma, and even die from SIDS. The changes that I have proposed in the laws could help people decide to quit smoking or at the very least be smarter about where, how, and who they smoke around. Though refraining from smoking may not be easy because it is extremely addictive, the best solution to ending second hand smoke is to convince the public to quit. â€Å"If you can’t quit for yourself, quit for your kids. Kids of parents who smoke are more likely to start smoking themselves when they get older. † If you can’t quit, at least don’t smoke inside your home or your car or other places that your children will be directly exposed to the smoke. 8 The most important thing is that we keep educating ourselves on smoking safety for us and those around us also, focusing on the risks we are taking every time we decide to smoke a cigarette.

Rudy Giuliani america’s mayor an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

Rudy Giuliani america’s mayor ABSTRACT Former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani exemplified the spirit of resolve in the face of overwhelming odds and one of the most awful terrorists attacks in United States History. Rudy Giuliani has managed to exemplify courage as he fought crime in New York City in the 1990s; fighting the drug dealers and members of the organized crime as hard as he fought do-nothing appeasers of such behavior within the city itself. Giuliani, once criticized for his actions in this area, has some of the lowest statistics on crime ever seen in the city in which to silence his critics. Also, his actions during the attack The World Trade Towers and his ability to put into words and actions, the resolve of the city and even the country against such ideologies of hate, has forever cemented himself as a permanent leader and one who will attract votes based on his leadership qualities, making him a formidable candidate in the 2008 Presidential election. Need essay sample on "Rudy Giuliani americas mayor" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Rudy Giuliani was born in Brooklyn to working class children of Italian immigrants in 1944. At that time, his family had connections to organized crime and his father Harold, spent time in Sing Sing prison for assault and robbery and served as a mafia enforcer during the late 1950s. This connection that his family would have to organized crime would work in Rudys favor in his later years as a politician. Rudy was never associated directly with any illegal activity. However, when it came to freeing New York City of the impediments which organized crime had on the city, Rudy was fearless in that pursuit and highly effective. Giuliani did very well in school and rose quickly in the ranks, eventually graduating cum laude from New York University School of Law in 1968. In 1970, Giuliani joined the Office of the US Attorney and in 1973, was named the Chief of the Narcotics Unit and eventually served as the United States Attorney. From 1977 until 1981, Giuliani practiced law but was called back into politics with the start of the Reagan Administration in 1981 which placed him as the third highest ranking officer in the Department of Justice. (Siegel, 2005. pg. 32) As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani first began his national prominence as he used this position as a stepping stone in order to earn the position of US Attorney for the Southern district of New York. It was here that Giuliani took part in some high profile cases in which the Attorney General took a hard line against the lingering organized crime element of New York City. In the Mafia Commission Trial of 1985-1986, Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures on charges of extortion, labor racketeering and murder for hire. Anthony Fat Tony: Salerno, who was seen as the head of the Genovese crime family, was one of Giulianis biggest catches and he was sentenced to 100 years in jail for his illegal dealings while in the mob. Giuliani would use this as a stepping stone for his run for mayor of the city of New York. In 1993, after a previous failed run for mayor, Rudy Giuliani became the mayor by a slim margin of only 53,000 votes. He became the first Republican to win the office since John Lindsay won the office in 1965. (Burns, 2003) It would be as the mayor of New York City that the name of Rudy Giuliani is most well known. This certainly is for his role in the days of 9/11 and its aftermath but he was also able to make a name for himself in the years before 9/11. Crime in the 1980s among all of the major cities in the country was one of the major problems. In New York City, and specifically in Manhattan, crime took a corrective plunge while Giuliani was mayor. The crime families had taken a hard hit and Giuliani made no mistake, crime would be one of the problems on his list of priorities. Giuliani was able to clean up the city to a large part, due to his ruthless pursuit of his goals; a pursuit which turned off many people as well. Former New York Mayor Ed Koch said: He is a good mayor, but he will never be a great one. He cannot accept disagreement. When it happens, he wants to destroy you.(Burns, 2003) It seemed however, that this is what the people of New York wanted and in 1997, Giuliani won a second term as Mayor of New York. Before the attack on the World Trade Towers, Rudy Giuliani was known as a crime fighting mayor. However, when the attack on New York on September 11, 2001 occurred, it was Giuliani that was seen as Americas Mayor as he helped to keep the country and the city together by his stance that New York will rebuild and that the terrorists will not stop American and their love of freedom. It was the scenes of the mayor walking through the streets as people were jumping from the World Trade Towers and his care and concern for the people of New York, that his approval ratings in the weeks after the attacks, reached 79%. It was the people who might not have agreed with his policies but who saw him as a leader and at that time in the history of New York that is what was placed as the highest of importance within the people of New York. It has been more than five years since Rudy Giuliani has left politics, yet he still remains high in the perceptions of not only the people of New York but for Americans as well. With the mayor looking to run for the presidency, despite the fact that he is among nine other Republican candidates, he and Senator John McCain are the two men to beat. This comes from the leadership qualities that the mayor has and which the American people believe, is needed in this time of war. Will this equate into a successful run for the presidency in 2008? It is hard to tell. Giuliani is at odds with his Republican base on issues such as immigration, homosexuality, gun control and abortion to name a few. However, he still leads in many of the polls within the Republican base because of his leadership qualities. Republicans who might not vote for him due to their disagreement on the social issues, still regard the mayor as a leader and one whom they wished that they could agree with on the social issu es. Rudy Giuliani is a leader in two areas of his political life: His fight on crime in the 1990s and his actions during the attacks on 9/11. Giuliani aggressively attacked crime in the city and said when he was criticized for his ruthless attack on the citys crime: People can do anything that they want, be anything that they can be. Freedom is about the willingness of every single human being to cede to lawful authority a great deal of discretion abut what you do and how you do it. (Siegel, 2005 pg. 195) Giuliani was able to break the backs of the crime families in New York City and it was estimated that he saved the city more than $600 million through these efforts. (Siegel, 2005 pg. 277) These were the first actions which helped to propel Giuliani into the spotlight and which caused him to have many admirers both within the city and in the entire country. However, most people remember Giuliani was the mayor of New York at the time of the attacks on the World Trade Center. America has become a very image consciousness society. The average American is consumed with thousands of images on the television and with other forms of electronics and technology. People remember what they see more than what the read and as a result, those who saw, in the days during and after the attacks as well as in follow up stories in the years to follow, the mayor walking around the city as the two towers were still erect. There was no way of knowing whether or not there would be further attacks on the city and if the mayors life was in danger. This did not seem to matter to the mayor and he went down to ground zero himself while there might have been more attacks to come in order to survey for him, the damage that the city had taken. People, who might have agreed with him on various stances, were able to forgive him and offer their support during this most troubling time. Also, the mayor was highly protective towards New York. When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal criticized America and said that their stance in support of Israel and other policies in the Middle East invited these attacks and then the Prince offered $10 million in support for the city, the mayor refused the gift. He responded by saying: There is no moral equivalent for this terrorist act. There is no moral justification for it I think that this happened because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the differences between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they are part of the problem. (Burns, 2003) Such statements and examples of the ideology of the mayor, has helped him to reach an almost iconic stance among those in New York and around the country who feel that Americans war on terrorism is one of the most pressing issues in the country and the world today. In the end, the mayor was a symbol for the resolve that the people of New York had and he expressed this resolve on many occasions: :Tomorrow New York is going to be here. And were going to rebuild, and were going to be stronger than we were before. I want the people of New York to be an exa mple to the rest of the country, to the rest of the world that terrorism cannot stop us. (Siegel, 2005 pg. 304) In these efforts, Rudy Giuliani has been seen as Americas Mayor. He is hoping that will be enough to propel him into the presidency in 2008. WORKS CITED Burns, R. ( 2003) The History of New York Chapter Eight.: New York: Time Warner 2003 Siegel, F.(2005) The Prince of the City: Giuliani , New York and the Genius of American Life. New York: Encounter Books.

How to Write a Strong Dissertation Introduction

How to Write a Strong Dissertation Introduction Learn How to Create a Powerful Introduction for Your Dissertation The introduction to a dissertation may not be the first part of your dissertation a reader encounters, but it’s still one of the essential parts of the work. An introduction sets the tone of your work, allowing the reader to get a better idea about the kind of things they will get out of the dissertation. That is why a sloppily written dissertation introduction can spoil the success of even the most brilliant piece of writing. A strong dissertation introduction needs to be concise and clear. Even more importantly, it should completely match the topic of your work, so that the readers get a logical picture while reading your dissertation chapter by chapter. What Is a Dissertation Introduction? If you’ve come to the point where you need to write a dissertation, it means you’ve created a fair share of other written assignments and are already familiar with the concept of an introduction as a piece of writing. The introduction of the dissertation is the opening chapter of the work that describes the subject of the dissertation, introduces a thesis statement, and gives the readers an idea of what they will find in work. The Purpose of the Introduction in a Dissertation Any dissertation introduction has several clear objectives: To demonstrate the value of your dissertation and the practical relevance of the work; To get the readers acquainted with the fascinating topic of your dissertation; To explore the idea behind the subject with relevant examples. The Content of a Dissertation Introduction So what exactly should the introduction of your dissertation contain? The answer to that question largely depends on the specifics of your work, but there are also certain elements that should be present in every dissertation introduction, regardless of the subject: The indication of the problem; The scope of the work; The relevance of the research in the theoretical and practical field; The objective of the research; The current state of the problem; A description of the research design; Now let’s take a closer look at each of those elements. Indication of the Problem In this part of the introduction you need to explain what caused you to research this particular topic. The topic should stem from your own interests to be equally fascinating to your readers. Scope Using the indication of the problem, define the subject of your dissertation and how it is represented in scientific sources. Don’t include too much research in this part analyze the literature to find a new angle to look at the problem. Relevance Use this part of your dissertation introduction to explain how your work will have both theoretical and practical value. You can use the discussion parts of scientific sources to better formulate the relevance of your research for the scientific community. Current State of the Problem Using relevant scientific literature, let the readers know whether the subject of your dissertation is widely discussed in the scientific field or there has been very little research on the subject. Objective Formulate a brief and concise research objective and the problem statement of your work, which are two separate parts of the introduction. Designing research questions and hypothesis will help you create a more convincing problem statement. If you’re struggling at this stage, consider reviewing the literature first and then returning to the problem statement. Research Design The description of the research design is essential for a successful dissertation introduction, but don’t make it too detailed, as you’ll describe the research design later in the paper. Just state the primary conditions of the research. Outline Introduce briefly the structure of your dissertation here. Use one sentence to describe each chapter. Make sure you word your outline description in an academic and engaging manner. Writing a Research Proposal A dissertation introduction may be one of the first instances where the reader is acquainted with your work, but you are not required to write every chapter of the dissertation in the same order. Writing a research proposal before the introduction will give you more ideas on what to include in your introduction. Plus, as your work progresses, you can always come back to the introduction and improve it. Verb Tenses It’s an unwritten rule of scientific work that when describing your research plans, intentions, and actions, it’s better to use the present simple tense. Indicating previous research or background information calls for the past simple or present perfect tense. Introduction Length There are no rules on how long the introduction of your dissertation should be; the length of this chapter of the dissertation should be dictated by common sense and the nature of your work. Trying to fit the introduction into a single page may result in omitting some important information, but you also shouldn’t use the introduction to describe your work to the smallest detail there will be plenty of opportunities to do it throughout the dissertation. Editing and Proofreading One of the reasons why you should spare enough time for writing a dissertation introduction and shouldn’t leave it to the last minute is that you should be able to revise it before submitting the work. Editing and proofreading your work helps you not only eliminate possible spelling and grammar mistakes but can also give you some ideas on how to make your introduction even better. How to Write a Strong Dissertation Introduction Here are some universal tips on how to make the introduction for your dissertation stronger: Try not to make any claims that you will not be able to substantiate later; Use straightforward academic language to write your introduction; Avoid cramming too much information in the limited space of the introduction you’ll get a chance to describe everything in details later; Pay special attention to the first sentence of the introduction use it to grab attention of the readers. Potential Struggles Most students face some problems while writing the introduction for their dissertation, and here are three most common ones: The introduction is too long; The student tries to get into details, making the reader less interested in continuing reading; The introduction was written according to some formula without any consideration for the specifics of the particular work. Steps to Writing an Effective Introduction Since the job of the dissertation introduction is to attract the attention of the reader, you need to focus on making the introduction engaging and effective, and these are the steps you need to take: Let the readers know about previous researches done in this area; Introduce the topic to the readers in a way that instantly convinces them of its worthiness; Find gaps in previous researches or new aspects of the problem to locate your own niche in the study. To occupy the niche, you’ve found during the research, you’ll need to establish the importance of the work you’re doing and describe the value of your dissertation. Get Professional Writing Help If for any reason, you feel like you won’t complete the dissertation introduction the way you want to, you have one last option order the introduction for your dissertation from our experienced writers and get an introduction that meets each of your goals. Enjoy reasonably priced writing services from the most competent authors on the internet and improve your academic record!

Ethics in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ethics in Business - Research Paper Example I. Thesis Statement The main aim of the research paper is to investigate and analyze fundamentals of business ethics in light of ethical theories. The study of ethical theories provides guidance and support in solving ethical dilemmas and ethical issues emerging in business world. The thesis statement for the research paper is ‘to assess the fundamentals of business ethics in light of ethical theories and emerging ethical issues’ II. Fundamentals of Ethics There are primarily two fundamentals of business ethics-emphasis on concurrent solutions and ethical and Emphasis on concurrent solutions Business ethics emphasis on concurrent solutions through making use of ethical theories and judgments. The concurrent solutions form the fundamentals of business ethics as it resolves the situation in light of morally accepted ethical principles and values. The ethical theories have been propounded with the object of finding concurrent solutions of any ethical dilemma. The business e thics is an integrated phenomena aimed at evaluating the impact of ethical decisions on the society and as well as on business organizations (Jeurissen 55).This evaluation helps in fostering concurrent solutions suitable to the needs of both society and business organizations. Ethical decision making and reasoning Ethical decision making and reasoning are the most common fundamentals of business ethics. The ethical decision making framework and reasoning serve the basis of business ethics. It is due to reason that this framework evaluated the business situation in the light of morally accepted principles. This evaluation facilitates process of ethical decision making and testing whether such decision has the chances of applying or implementing in the business environment. The... The main aim of the research paper is to investigate and analyze fundamentals of business ethics in light of ethical theories. The study of ethical theories provides guidance and support in solving ethical dilemmas and ethical issues emerging in business world. The thesis statement for the research paper is ‘to assess the fundamentals of business ethics in light of ethical theories and emerging ethical issues’. The research paper emphasised on the thesis statement ‘‘to assess the fundamentals of business ethics in light of ethical theories and emerging ethical issues’ led to the conclusion that business ethics has been recognized and identified as one of the specialized branch of ethics. The business ethics throws light on the moral standards and applicability of such moral standards in the business organizations and behavior. Emphasis on concurrent solutions and ethical decision making and reasoning are the two identified fundamentals of business ethics. The fundamentals throw light on the emergence of ethical dilemmas and approach adopted by the business ethics in resolving such dilemma. The study of ethical theories also led to the conclusion that fundamentals of business ethics has been backed and supported by the ethical theories. The discussion of ethical issues regarding environment, international business and technology has led to the interpretation that business organizations need to take decisions and actions with the ultimate objective of welfare and development in the society. The business organizations are confronted with ethical issues at each and every aspect of their functioning. The ethical theories guides, directs and resolves such ethical issues to a wide extent.

Phase response curves to light and to melatonin Essay

Phase response curves to light and to melatonin - Essay Example In human light PRC (Figure 1), the y-axis of the PRC shows the direction and relative magnitude of the phase shift in hours induced by light exposure (solid line). Circadian Time Zero (CT0) corresponds to 11:00 am and CT22-CT18 is the duration for day time activity. The black bar, which indicates the time period between 12:00 midnight – 8:00am, along x-axis represents the duration for sleeping. Bright light treatment causes the phase-delay of circadian phase, which is represented by the area from CT10 to CT18. During this period, bright light treatment causes later onset of sleeping/awakening cycle. As time progresses from CT10, stronger effect on phase-delay is observed. At CT18, this phase-delay effect is changed dramatically to phase-advancing effect. The peak phase-advancing effect coincides with sunrise. From CT18 to CT3, bright light treatment induces phase-advancing effect, causing earlier onset of sleeping / awakening cycle. This effect gradually decreases from CT19 to CT3. As noted in the graph, little or no effect is observed when bright light treatment is applied from CT14 to CT20, in which this time period corresponds to 2:00pm to 8:00pm. The intensity of the light used in bright light treatment can have direct effect on the magnitude of the phase advancement or delay. ... After this time point, this effect decreases to the lowest point to CT12. It should be noted that during this time period, bright light treatment has no phase-shifting effect on circadian rhythm. From CT18 to CT0, melatonin administration induces a phase-delay effect on circadian rhythm, however, this effect is relatively small when compared with the phase advancing effect induced by bright light treatment. From 2 hours before the onset of sleeping (CT12) onwards until time of sunrise (CT18), administration of melatonin does not exert any effect on circadian rhythm. This time duration coincides with phase delaying effect of bright light treatment. b. Using this knowledge of the phase response curves to light and to melatonin, design a protocol to alleviate the effects of jet lag when travelling from London Singapore (8 time zones eastward) The flights for travelling from London to Singapore are available both in the morning and at night. The local time in Singapore is ahead of London by 8 hours (8 time zones eastward). Assuming there are two flights travelling from London to Singapore, one flight has the depart time at 11:00 am (London local time) and arrive in Singapore at 7:00 am (Singapore local time, one day ahead); the other flight departs at 22:00 pm (London local time) and arrives at 18:00 pm (Singapore local time, one day ahead). The total duration of the flight is approximately 13 hours. The circadian rhythm may be entrained by advance or delay the sleep/awake cycle and both intake of melatonin at about 4 hours before to its natural peak in the circadian cycle or bright light treatment may induce an advance response (3). The following protocol is devised from

Hr department at marks and spencer hq

Hr department at marks and spencer hq It has been a busy start for Tanith Dodge, who only took up her new position running the HR department at Marks and Spencer HQ a year ago. Thelast 12 months or so havewitnessed the announcement of 1,200 job losses, 27 store closures and a hefty slump in profits. But despite the recent turbulence, Dodge has lived up to her name, and been swift to deal with the issues affecting the organisation, quickly cementing herself into the M S family. But then, this is not surprising for a woman of Dodges pedigree. Her list of credentials includes a graduate traineeship at British Aerospace, an employee relations consultant at Prudential and a five year stint as HRD at WH Smith. And while HR is herbackground, it is in leadership development that Dodgeis carvinga name for herself. Indeed, her passion for transforming people in the organisation has been effectively channelled into her latest venture: Lead to Succeed which is being heralded as the companys flagship development programme and is considered to be a key component in its future people strategy. We are doing quite a bit of work on how senior leaders take reorgani sation through a period of change, and making understanding how to lead change and make change happen a part of their toolkit is absolutely key. Launched last year, the programme targets the development of the 300 most senior MS employees, and is designed to identify and train the next generation of leaders. â€Å"Lead to Succeed is designed around our business strategy going forwards; what we need to deliver over the next couple of years,† says Dodge. â€Å"We have taken a lot of the research that was done around the core attributes of leader head, hearts and guts and that underpins the programme. But then weve looked at what is it that MS really needs in terms of its leadership attributes going forwards, so our core values around trust, value service, quality and innovation.† Dodge has ensured that the programme is both robust and practical by looking at potential leaders as individuals rather than simply names on a list. This is then underpinned by coaching and business simulation which is designed around some of the challenges MS experiences as an organisation: â€Å"We ask things like: are you leveraging your own strengths as a leader, how do you then galvanise your team, how do you take the leadership and create that coalition across the organisation and as leaders how do you influence shareholder value? So it is very practical,† she adds. And for Dodge, a focus on practice rather than theory is particularly pertinent at the moment, mainly as many of the senior staff have never before experienced any kind of economic turbulence. â€Å"It is unprecedented,† she says. â€Å"The ways of doing things in the past are not necessarily the ways that will make you successful going forward. We are doing quite a bit of work on how senior leaders take reorganisation through a period of change, and making understanding how to lead change and make change happen a part of their toolkit is absolutely key.† Reflecting this, Marks Spencer devotes significant time and resources to developing its leaders and nurturing its talent. â€Å"Continuing to invest in your talent for now is absolutely key,† Dodge emphasises. â€Å"Organisations that stop that investment risk cutting the Achilles heel. You have to keep these people and do it in ways that arent ridiculously expensive.† To this end, Dodge has developed a thorough, robust succession process which has done away with annual reviews and instead focuses ongoing conversations which enables her and her team to look at individuals capabilities against specific indicators which demarcate them as ‘high potential. Continuing to invest in your talent for now is absolutely key. Organisations that stop that investment risk cutting the Achilles heel. â€Å"We do it at all levels from our senior people through to store managers, who have got the potential to develop into another role going forward. We also look at what roles are critical for us going forward and whether we have got enough pipeline of talent coming through for those critical jobs.† In addition, she runs the annual staff survey ‘Your Say which gives employees the opportunity to voice their views on a range of issues including training and development. Early reports suggest that the programme is a huge success, with the company witnessing significant change in the way that people behave as a result of the training, and the way that they challenge problems within the organisation. Dodge believes that the success of such schemes are very much dependent on those that facilitate them: not only does it show employees how their leaders behave but it sets a precedent so when they themselves reach the higher echelons of the organisation, they too can lead by example. â€Å"It is very much about you as an individual leader, your impact on your style with your team and then your impact on your style with your organisation, she concludes. So it builds on the whole ‘Your MSmessage yourself, your team, your organisation.† Today ethical leadership is more important than ever. The world is more transparent and connected than it has ever been. The actions and philosophies of organisations are scrutinised by the media and the general public as never before. This coincides with massively increased awareness and interest among people everywhere in corporate responsibility and the many related concepts, such as Fair Trade, sustainability, social and community responsibility (see the ethical leadership and ethical organisations page). The modern leader needs to understand and aspire to leading people and achieving greatness in all these areas. Here is (was..) an Excellent 30 minute BBC Radio 4 Discussion about Modern Leadership (first broadcast 2 Sept 2006, part of the Sound Advice series). Its mere existence is evidence of changed attitudes to leadership. Such a programme would not have warranted BBC airtime a generation ago due to lack of audience interest. Today there is huge awareness of, and interest in, more modern leadership methods. The radio discussion highlighted the need for effective modern leaders to have emotional strength and sensitivity, far beyond traditional ideas of more limited autocratic leadership styles. Im sorry (if still) this linked item is unavailable from the BBC website, especially if the recording is lost forever in the BBCs archives. If you know a suitably influential executive at the Beeb who can liberate it please contact me. Incidentally as a quick case-study, the BBC illustrates an important aspect of leadership, namely philosophy. Philosophy (you could call it fundamental purpose) is the foundation on which to build strategy, management, operational activities, and pretty well everything else that happens in an organization. Whatever the size of the organization, operational activities need to be reconcilable with a single congruent (fitting, harmonious) philosophy. Executives, managers, staff, customers, suppliers, stakeholders, etc., need solid philosophical principles (another term would be a frame of reference) on which to base their expectations, decisions and actions. In a vast complex organization like the BBC, leadership will be very challenging at the best of times due to reasons of size, diversity, political and public interest, etc. Having a conflicting philosophy dramatically increases these difficulties for everyone, not least the leader, because the frame of reference is confusing. For leadership to work well, people (employees and interested outsiders) must be able to connect their expectations, aims and activities to a basic purpose or philosophy of the organization. This foundational philosophy should provide vital reference points for employees decisions and actions an increasingly significant factor in modern empowered organizations. Seeing a clear philosophy and purpose is also essential for staff, customers and outsiders in assessing crucial organizational characteristics such as integrity, ethics, fairness, quality and performance. A clear philosophy is vital to the psychological contract whether stated or unstated (almost always unstated) on which people (employees, customers or observers) tend to judge their relationships and transactions. The BBC is an example (its not the only one) of an organization which has a confusing organizational philosophy. At times it is inherently conflicting. For example: Who are its owners? Who are its customers? What are its priorities and obligations? Are its commercial operations a means to an end, or an end in themselves? Is its main aim to provide commercial mainstream entertainment, or non-commercial education and information? Is it a public service, or is it a commercial provider? Will it one day be privatised in part or whole? If so will this threaten me or benefit me? As an employee am I sharing in something, or being exploited? As a customer (if the description is apt) am I also an owner? Or am I funding somebody elses gravy train? What are the organizations obligations to the state and to government? Given such uncertainties, not only is there a very unclear basic philosophy and purpose, but also, its very difficult to achieve consistency for leadership messages to staff and customers. Also, how can staff and customers align their efforts and expectations with such confusing aims and principles? The BBC is just an example. There are many organizations, large and small, with conflicting and confusing fundamental aims. The lesson is that philosophy or underpinning purpose is the foundation on which leadership (for strategy, management, motivation, everything) is built. If the foundation is not solid and viable, and is not totally congruent with what follows, then everything built onto it is prone to wobble, and at times can fall over completely. Get the philosophy right solid and in harmony with the activities and the foundation is strong. This of course gives rise to the question of what to do if you find yourself leading a team or organization which lacks clarity of fundamental philosophy and purpose, and here lies an inescapable difference between managing and leading: As a leader your responsibility extends beyond leading the people. True leadership also includes as far as your situation allows the responsibility to protect or refine fundamental purpose and philosophy. See also the notes and processes for incorporating fundamental philosophy within strategic business development and marketing. allegiance and leadership Different leaders have different ideas about leadership. For example, see below Jack Welchs perspective, which even though quite modern compared to many leaders, is nevertheless based on quite traditional leadership principles. First here is a deeper more philosophical view of effective modern leadership which addresses the foundations of effective leadership, rather than the styles and methods built on top, which are explained later. A British government initiative surfaced in March 2008, which suggested that young people should swear an oath of allegiance to Queen and Country, seemingly as a means of improving national loyalty, identity, and allegiance. While packaged as a suggestion to address disaffection among young people, the idea was essentially concerned with leadership or more precisely a failing leadership. The idea was rightly and unanimously dismissed by all sensible commentators as foolhardy nonsense, but it does provide a wonderful perspective by which to examine and illustrate the actual important principles of leadership: Always, when leaders say that the people are not following, its the leaders who are lost, not the people. Leaders get lost because of isolation, delusion, arrogance, plain stupidity, etc., but above all because they become obsessed with imposing their authority, instead of truly leading. Incidentally, leading is helping people achieve a shared vision, not telling people what to do. It is not possible for a leader to understand and lead people when the leaders head is high in the clouds or stuck firmly up his backside. That is to say loyalty to leadership relies on the leader having a connection with and understanding of peoples needs and wishes and possibilities. Solutions to leadership challenges do not lie in the leaders needs and wishes. Leadership solutions lie in the needs and wishes of the followers. The suggestion that loyalty and a following can be built by simply asking or forcing people to be loyal is not any basis for effective leadership. Prior to expecting anyone to follow, a leader first needs to demonstrate a vision and values worthy of a following. A given type of leadership inevitably attracts the same type of followers. Put another way, a leadership cannot behave in any way that it asks its people not to. In other words, for people to embrace and follow modern compassionate, honest, ethical, peaceful, and fair principles, they must see these qualities demonstrated by their leadership. People are a lot cleverer than most leaders think. People have a much keener sense of truth than most leaders think. People quickly lose faith in a leader who behaves as if points 10 and 11 do not exist. People generally have the answers which elude the leaders they just have better things to do than help the leader to lead like getting on with their own lives. A leadership which screws up in a big way should come clean and admit their errors. People will generally forgive mistakes but they do not tolerate being treated like idiots by leaders. And on the question of mistakes, a mistake is an opportunity to be better, and to show remorse and a lesson learned. This is how civilisation progresses. A leader should be brave enough to talk when lesser people want to fight. Anyone can resort to threats and aggression. Being aggressive is not leading. It might have been a couple of thousand years ago, but its not now. The nature of humankind and civilisation is to become more civilised. Leaders should enable not obstruct this process. traditional leadership tips jack welch style.. Jack Welch, respected business leader and writer is quoted as proposing these fundamental leadership principles (notably these principles are expanded in his 2001 book Jack: Straight From The Gut): There is only one way the straight way. It sets the tone of the organisation. Be open to the best of what everyone, everywhere, has to offer; transfer learning across your organisation. Get the right people in the right jobs it is more important than developing a strategy. An informal atmosphere is a competitive advantage. Make sure everybody counts and everybody knows they count. Legitimate self-confidence is a winner the true test of self-confidence is the courage to be open. Business has to be fun celebrations energise and organisation. Never underestimate the other guy. Understand where real value is added and put your best people there. Know when to meddle and when to let go this is pure instinct. As a leader, your main priority is to get the job done, whatever the job is. Leaders make things happen by: knowing your objectives and having a plan how to achieve them building a team committed to achieving the objectives helping each team member to give their best efforts As a leader you must know yourself. Know your own strengths and weaknesses, so that you can build the best team around you. However always remember the philosophical platform this ethical platform is not a technique or a process its the foundation on which all the techniques and methodologies are based. Plan carefully, with your people where appropriate, how you will achieve your aims. You may have to redefine or develop your own new aims and priorities. Leadership can be daunting for many people simply because no-one else is issuing the aims leadership often means you have to create your own from a blank sheet of paper. Set and agree clear standards. Keep the right balance between doing yourself and managing others to do. Build teams. Ensure you look after people and that communications and relationships are good. Select good people and help them to develop. Develop people via training and experience, particularly by agreeing objectives and responsibilities that will interest and stretch them, and always support people while they strive to improve and take on extra tasks. Follow the rules about delegation closely this process is crucial. Ensure that your managers are applying the same principles. Good leadership principles must cascade down through the whole organisation. This means that if you are leading a large organisation you must check that the processes for managing, communicating and developing people are in place and working properly. Communication is critical. Listen, consult, involve, explain why as well as what needs to be done. Some leaders lead by example and are very hands on; others are more distanced and let their people do it. Whatever your example is paramount the way you work and conduct yourself will be the most you can possibly expect from your people. If you set low standards you are to blame for low standards in your people. Praise loudly, blame softly. (Catherine the Great). Follow this maxim. If you seek one singlemost important behaviour that will rapidly earn you respect and trust among your people, this is it: Always give your people the credit for your achievements and successes. Never take the credit yourself even if its all down to you, which would be unlikely anyway. You must however take the blame and accept responsibility for any failings or mistakes that your people make. Never never never publicly blame another person for a failing. Their failing is your responsibility true leadership offers is no hiding place for a true leader. Take time to listen to and really understand people. Walk the job. Ask and learn about what people do and think, and how they think improvements can be made. Accentuate the positive. Express things in terms of what should be done, not what should not be done. If you accentuate the negative, people are more likely to veer towards it. Like the mother who left her five-year-old for a minute unsupervised in the kitchen, saying as she left the room, dont you go putting those beans up your nose Have faith in people to do great things given space and air and time, everyone can achieve more than they hope for. Provide people with relevant interesting opportunities, with proper measures and rewards and they will more than repay your faith. Take difficult decisions bravely, and be truthful and sensitive when you implement them. Constantly seek to learn from the people around you they will teach you more about yourself than anything else. They will also tell you 90% of what you need to know to achieve your business goals. Embrace change, but not for changes sake. Begin to plan your own succession as soon as you take up your new post, and in this regard, ensure that the only promises you ever make are those that you can guarantee to deliver. Here are some processes and tips for training and developing leadership. leadership behaviours and development of leadership style and skills Leadership skills are based on leadership behaviour. Skills alone do not make leaders style and behaviour do. If you are interested in leadership training and development start with leadership behaviour. The growing awareness and demand for idealist principles in leadership are increasing the emphasis (in terms of leadership characteristics) on business ethics, corporate responsibility, emotional maturity, personal integrity, and what is popularly now known as the triple bottom line (abbreviated to TBL or 3BL, representing profit, people, planet). For many people (staff, customers, suppliers, investors, commentators, visionaries, etc) these are becoming the most significant areas of attitude/behaviour/appreciation required in modern business and organisational leaders. 3BL (triple bottom line profit, people, planet) also provides an excellent multi-dimensional framework for explaining, developing and assessing leadership potential and capability, and also links strongly with psychology aspects if for instance psychometrics (personality testing) features in leadership selection and development methods: each of us is more naturally inclined to one or the other (profit, people, planet) by virtue of our personality, which can be referenced to Jung, Myers Briggs, etc. Much debate persists as to the validity of triple bottom line accounting, since standards and measures are some way from being clearly defined and agreed, but this does not reduce the relevance of the concept, nor the growing public awareness of it, which effectively and continuously re-shapes markets and therefore corporate behaviour. Accordingly leaders need to understand and respond to such huge attitudinal trends, whether they can be reliably accounted for or not at the moment. Adaptability and vision as might be demonstrated via project development scenarios or tasks especially involving modern communications and knowledge technologies are also critical for certain leadership roles, and provide unlimited scope for leadership development processes, methods and activities. Cultural diversity is another topical and very relevant area requiring leadership involvement, if not mastery. Large organisations particularly must recognise that the market-place, in terms of staff, customers and suppliers, is truly global now, and leaders must be able to function and appreciate and adapt to all aspects of cultural diversification. A leaders who fails to relate culturally well and widely and openly inevitably condemns the entire organisation to adopt the same narrow focus and bias exhibited by the leader. Bear in mind that different leadership jobs (and chairman) require different types of leaders Churchill was fine for war but not good for peacetime re-building. Theres a big difference between short-term return on investment versus long-term change. Each warrants a different type of leadership style, and actually very few leaders are able to adapt from one to the other. (Again see the personality styles section: short-term results and profit require strong Jungian thinking orientation, or frontal left brain dominance; whereas long-term vision and change require intuition orientation, or frontal right brain dominance). If its not clear already, leadership is without doubt mostly about behaviour, especially towards others. People who strive for these things generally come to be regarded and respected as a leader by their people: Integrity the most important requirement; without it everything else is for nothing. Having an effective appreciation and approach towards corporate responsibility, (Triple Bottom Line, Fair Trade, etc), so that the need to make profit is balanced with wider social and environmental responsibilities. Being very grown-up never getting emotionally negative with people no shouting or ranting, even if you feel very upset or angry. Leading by example always be seen to be working harder and more determinedly than anyone else. Helping alongside your people when they need it. Fairness treating everyone equally and on merit. Being firm and clear in dealing with bad or unethical behaviour. Listening to and really understanding people, and show them that you understand (this doesnt mean you have to agree with everyone understanding is different to agreeing). Always taking the responsibility and blame for your peoples mistakes. Always giving your people the credit for your successes. Never self-promoting. Backing-up and supporting your people. Being decisive even if the decision is to delegate or do nothing if appropriate but be seen to be making fair and balanced decisions. Asking for peoples views, but remain neutral and objective. Being honest but sensitive in the way that you give bad news or criticism. Always doing what you say you will do keeping your promises. Working hard to become expert at what you do technically, and at understanding your peoples technical abilities and challenges. Encouraging your people to grow, to learn and to take on as much as they want to, at a pace they can handle. Always accentuating the positive (say do it like this, not dont do it like that). Smiling and encouraging others to be happy and enjoy themselves. Relaxing breaking down the barriers and the leadership awe and giving your people and yourself time to get to know and respect each other. Taking notes and keeping good records. Planning and prioritising. Managing your time well and helping others to do so too. Involving your people in your thinking and especially in managing change. Reading good books, and taking advice from good people, to help develop your own understanding of yourself, and particularly of other peoples weaknesses (some of the best books for leadership are not about business at all they are about people who triumph over adversity). Achieve the company tasks and objectives, while maintaining your integrity, the trust of your people, are a balancing the corporate aims with the needs of the world beyond. great leadership quotes and inspirational quotes Some of these quotes are available as free motivational posters. People ask the difference between a leader and a boss. The leader works in the open, and the boss in covert. The leader leads and the boss drives. (Theodore Roosevelt) The marksman hitteth the target partly by pulling, partly by letting go. The boatsman reacheth the landing partly by pulling, partly by letting go. (Egyptian proverb) No man is fit to command another that cannot command himself. (William Penn) It is amazing what you can accomplish if you do not care who gets the credit. (President Harry S Truman) I not only use all the brains I have, but all I can borrow. (Woodrow Wilson) What should it profit a man if he would gain the whole world yet lose his soul. (The Holy Bible, Mark 8:36) A dream is just a dream. A goal is a dream with a plan and a deadline. (Harvey Mackay) Ideas are like rabbits. You get a couple, learn how to look after them, and pretty soon you have a dozen. (John Steinbeck) I keep six honest serving-men, They taught me all I knew; Their names are What and Why and When, And How and Where and Who. (Rudyard Kipling, from Just So Stories, 1902.) A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than the giant himself. (Didacus Stella, circa AD60 and, as a matter of interest, abridged on the edge of an English  £2 coin) Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. (Samuel Johnson 1709-84) The most important thing in life is not to capitalise on your successes any fool can do that. The really important thing is to profit from your mistakes. (William Bolitho, from Twelve against the Gods) Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be, For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance, I have not winced nor cried aloud: Under the bludgeonings of chance my head is bloody but unbowed . . . . . It matters not how strait the gait, how charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. (WE Henley, 1849-1903, from Invictus) Everybody can get angry thats easy. But getting angry at the right person, with the right intensity, at the right time, for the right reason and in the right way thats hard. (Aristotle) Management means helping people to get the best out of themselves, not organising things. (Lauren Appley) Its not the critic who counts, not the one who points out how the strong man stumbled or how the doer of deeds might have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred with the sweat and dust and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs and comes up short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions and spends himself in a worthy cause and who, at best knows the triumph of high achievement and who at worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat. (Theodore Roosevelt.) Behind an able man there are always other able men. (Chinese Proverb.) I praise loudly. I blame softly. (Catherine the Great, 1729-1796.) Experto Credite. (Trust one who has proved it. Virgil, 2,000 years ago.) more great leadership and inspirational quotes see also the free motivational posters for leadership quotes leadership development exercises and games The are various games and exercises on the f