The Social Class Structures Sociology Essay

The Social Class Structures Sociology Essay The Sumerian human progress was one of the most punctual in Mesopotamia. The Sumerians existed around 3500-1750 B.C. The Sumerian human progress was not found until the nineteenth century. The accompanying original copy will cover three key points the Sumerian Creation Story, the contrasted social class framework with the contemporary United States, and how the progressive structure set out by the Sumerian Empire contrasts and our present criminal equity framework. In conclusion, the instructive material will show the similitudes and contrasts between the old Sumerian Empire and todays contemporary United States. This exploration will assist people with seeing early civic establishments and how they contrast with todays society. The data found will likewise show how early human advancements constructed their social orders. The Social Class Structures and Criminal Justice Systems of Sumerian and the United States Sumer was an assortment of city states around the Lower Tigris and Euphrates streams in what is currently southern Iraq. It was an assortment of cultivating towns. Every one of these urban areas had singular rulers; in spite of the fact that the pioneer of the prevailing city could have been viewed as the lord of the district. The Sumerians shaped the soonest composed language. Their strict convictions likewise are found to have a few similitudes with the Bible, particularly the book of Genesis. This article will thoroughly analyze the Sumerian Empire and the United States. To thoroughly analyze the two the Sumerian Creation, social classes, and criminal equity framework will be evaluated. To begin with, I will assess the narrative of the Sumerian Creation. Next, I will look at the changed social classes between the Sumerian human advancement and the United States. Ultimately, I will talk about the various leveled structure set out by the Sumerian Empire contrasted with our present criminal equity framework. Writing Review This writing audit centers around writing with respect to Sumer and the Sumerian Creation Story, especially concentrating on the Sumerian social class pecking order. Also, this writing audit analyzes the contemporary social structure in the US and the current criminal equity framework. Conversation Sumerian Creation Story The Sumerians Creation Story starts with the earth and the sky being made in the ocean. The Sumerian legends have been sorted out because of the age of the remaining parts found. After the earth and the sky were made the divine beings made urban areas and every city had its own god. The male god, An, and the female god, Ki, brought forth Enlil, the main lord of the pantheon. Enlil impregnated Ninlil, the goddess of wind, which made the moon. At the point when the moon was made then the time had come to make people. The Sumerian divine beings made a few people out of residue or earth. From the assessment of the Sumerians Creation Story similitudes to the Bible can be found. As in Genesis, the Sumerians world is framed the sky and earth are isolated from each other by a strong vault. The second part of Genesis presents the heaven Eden, a spot which is like the Sumerian Dilmun. (Gen. 2:9-10) In the second form of the production of man The Lord God framed man out of the earth of the ground and blew into his noses the breath of life, thus man turned into a living being. The Sumerian divine beings utilized a comparative strategy in making man (Kramer Maier p. 33). Sumerian and United States: Social Class The Sumerian social class is part into three social gatherings. These social gatherings comprise of high society, in the middle of class or working class, and most reduced class. At the highest point of the Sumerian privileged is the lord and clerics. The high society additionally included landowners, government authorities, and shippers. Something that hung out in the Sumerian social class was that ladies had a bigger number of rights in early Sumer than in later Mesopotamia. Privileged ladies were priestesses. The Sumerian ladies were landowners, vendors, craftsmans, and most brought up kids. Slaves made up the least class alongside detainees, vagrants, poor youngsters, and indebted individuals. The Sumerians utilized slaves as modest work. Sumerians permitted slaves the option to work together, acquire cash, and purchase opportunity. In the United States the financial specialists and sociologists have not conceived careful rules for the social classes. Rather there are two set classes including the three-class model that comprise of the rich, white collar class, and poor people. In the three-class model the rich obviously have the riches, working class comprise of the individuals who work clerical employments, and the poor are the industrial specialists or the individuals who are jobless. The other model that is most normally utilized is the five-class model including high society, upper-center, center, lower-center, and lower class. In the five-class model it is penniless down somewhat more. The high society term is applied to the blue bloods who are the families who are multi-generational riches. These families additionally have initiative in high society. The remainder of the privileged is trailed by the individuals who have made huge venture off of capital and investment opportunities just as the corporate ti p top who have significant pay occupations, for example, being a Chief Executive Officers (CEO). The upper white collar class comprises of exceptionally instructed salaried expert: doctors, legal advisors, researchers, and teachers. The upper working class will in general have an extraordinary impact over society. The working class and the lower white collar class appear to cover. The white collar class comprises of semi-experts, specialists, office staff, and deals workers. These individuals frequently have higher educations. The lower white collar class regularly incorporates similar callings with the exception of those in the lower working class don't have a higher education. Those without the professional education are frequently on the passage level in those vocations. The low class is the hands on laborers. These hands on laborers are viewed as the working poor. The majority of the populace in the United States is viewed as the common laborers or the working poor. Sumerian and United States: Criminal Justice System The Sumerian legitimate framework, one of the soonest known criminal equity frameworks, concentrated on a residents consistence with the normal practices and strict convictions of the day. Notwithstanding social class, severe consistence with requests and directions was compensated, while inability to go along was rebuffed (Sterba, 1976, p. 25). Such discipline was equivalent with the injury (Sterba, 1976). The Sumerians built up an arrangement of laws to manage individual wounds, slave issues, sexual offenses, conjugal issues, and agrarian disputesâ' (Milosavljevic, 2007, p. 7). Controlling the conduct of its residents helped maintain the social control. From its soonest days, the criminal equity framework in America has served to ensure the premiums of the rich, property-possessing classes. Wrongdoing is regularly connected with the working poor and the underclass (Jargowsky Park, 2009). Along these lines, wrongdoing is frequently an issue in urban zones with low salary levels. Raised wrongdoing levels have been credited to neighborhood social disorder coming from urban auxiliary changes, private shakiness, and racial/ethnic advances (Jargowsky Park, 2009, p.30). The contemporary criminal equity framework has been seen as a methods for managing class interests by safeguarding that implementation endeavors are coordinated toward the guideline of poor people. (Weiner, 1975, p. 436). End There are a few contrasts among Sumer and contemporary American culture. For example, the situation of ladies is extraordinarily extraordinary in the two social structures. Moreover, subjugation no longer exists in the United States, taking out this least of social classes. The common way of life of Sumer remains in sharp complexity to the entrepreneur society of the United States. At long last, the criminal equity frameworks of these two social orders have various objectives and targets. Among the contrasts among Sumer and the United States is the situation of ladies in the public eye. In Sumer, it was the male residents who included the get together of older folks and who controlled the influence and abundance of the network. Dissimilar to in Sumer, the US is not, at this point controlled only by men. In the United States, the announcement that  ³all men are made equalâ' has been deciphered to incorporate ladies as well as individuals from every social class. The Fourteenth Amendments Equal Protection condition ensures that no state will deny to any individual inside its ward the equivalent insurance of the laws (U.S. Const. Alter. XIV). Accordingly, individuals all things considered, just as ladies, are secured similarly by the laws of the United States. Another distinction among Sumer and the United States is subjugation. Until 1863, servitude was lawful in the United States (Harr Hess, 2002).The Emancipation Proclamation formally liberated the slaves and prohibited subjugation (Harr Hess, 2002). Those in the slave states didn't quickly agree to the Emancipation Announcement (Harr Hess, 2002). The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution canceled subjection in America (U.S. Const. Alter. XIII). Conversely, slaves made up the most minimal social class in Sumer. Dissimilar to in the United States, the individuals of Sumer had a public way of life. Individuals didn't work for cash, nor did they contend to get rich to the detriment of others. The extraordinary greater part securely relied upon the leader of their home to fill their requirements, and he, thusly, relied upon them to increment and ensure his riches and position (Ellison, 1964, p. 22). Further, every city was considered to be the extraordinary worry of one of the divine beings in Mesopotamia, and as it were the equalitarianism of government put each man in the situation of being a watchman of that divine beings interests (Ellison, 1964, p. 24). Conversely, the United States has both urban and country networks in which individuals work for cash and endeavor to better their social circumstance. Also, under free enterprise

English is available for you right here! Essay Example For Students

English is accessible for you directly here! Article I might want to share my thoughts of the fact that it is so critical to improve your English jargon by proceeding to take your English courses all through secondary school. It is a fundamental language in the event that you need to travel worldwide or simply expand on your insight from grade school. Your future boss may be intrigued by your additional expertise of being a bilingual fussbudget. Also, to wrap things up why not yield and allow yourself to rehearse a second language when it is accessible right here! When you have chosen to open yourself to this recognizable language youre allowing yourself the chance to improve and construct your jargon by learning new words through understanding books and stories which is essential and indispensable to learning the English angles, for example, perusing, composing, tuning in, talking . . . The English course in secondary school isn't only about understanding books or responding to questions throughout the entire time frame, it is tied in with having a scholarly conversation or communicating your assessments of various issues with your cohorts of what youve read and growing each angle in the language all through the whole semester. It is utilized as a device for correspondence and a bearer of data all inclusive. When making a trip to a remote country there is a high chance that the main language you will discover or be able to impart and comprehend will be spoken in English by a specific person. You will figure out how to improve and ace the parts of the English language all through your three years of secondary school however it is all dependent upon you to settle on a choice and improve your English abilities. As indicated by en. wikipedia. organization The free reference book in Canada English is spoken by practically 85% of Canadians which demonstrate to you that it is practically basic for a person to be acquainted with the various parts of English particularly in the workplace power except if you choose to go dwell in Quebec where it is the main Canadian territory where English is a minority language. It frees you up to additional opportunities you would not have on the off chance that you chose not to keep on improving your insight in English, such as having the decision to pick between a post auxiliary training in English or French. It additionally gives you more choices or proposals for your boss to choose you from the a large number of different people groups going after that equivalent office position spot. At the end of the day it isolates you from the individuals constrained to one language. By investing your psyche and energy to it you can without much of a stretch prevail in your English classes since it is simpler to communicate take it from me. It gives you a gigantic preferred position particularly in the work power of being bilingual, and being acceptable at it, since certain individuals around the globe, for the most part in immature nations, have little instruction even in their own primary language and can't practice or study their own language. Here in Canada we get that opportunity. The main instruction they get is basic however essential training which is conventional training regarded fundamental for someone to work appropriately in the public eye meaning these individuals just figure out how to decrease infections through information in cleanliness and nourishment, lessening undesirable pregnancies, and how to diminish brutality by expanding comprehension of peaceful approaches to take care of issues or gathering clashes. Source: en. wikipedia. organization The free reference book So why not offer yourself the chance to rehearse a second language that is accessible to you just by posting it on your course determinations. .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .postImageUrl , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:hover , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:visited , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:active { border:0!important; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:active , .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub82 f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub82f84b6912bab1e2d6b8290ae46a8ce:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Catcher in the rye5 EssayIt is accessible and it is directly here before you make your pick let us trust it is the best one, you won't think twice about it. You will peruse. You will learn. You will long assortment. You will be thankful and value your decision. Choose now and settle on the better decision. On the off chance that you need to cut yourself from the lines of correspondence or assortment and change, simply stay with French. In any case, I prompt that you surrender to potential outcomes and openings by improving your bilingualism. Your manager will be glad to have you in his group, he may even hush up about you close on the off chance that he needs you to decipher something in French. On the off chance that you are dedicated to learning new words and expand your jargon and perusing abilities in English well try to include the English courses in your courses choices, Im sure our understudy guides at our school will be glad to get us out and energize us wouldnt you think? In addition, I dont figure you would truly detest English or not be intrigued at all of what I need to state about how significant the English courses are on the grounds that you wouldnt be perusing this influential paper at this moment! Shucks..! I may even choose to go to Spain and learn Spanish in the coming years.. also, become trilingual!

Admissions and Grocery Stores - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Admissions and Grocery Stores - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Admissions and Grocery Stores Imagine that you are in an admissions grocery store, and every cart is a students admissions file. The shelves are stocked with different items to fill each cart, from transcripts to teacher recommendations, counselor forms to resumes, etc. Every time a student applies a cart is created. The admissions office then needs to go to the different aisles and pull down the items for that specific student, and then add it to the cart so that it is ready for check out (or to be reviewed for admission). Sounds pretty easy, right? But now imagine the days surrounding a deadline. It is sort of like the scene in a grocery store when the threat of snow hits, with everyone scrambling to add milk and bread to their cart, suppliers racing to the stores to restock the shelves before the weather hits, and employees trying to calm the masses as the checkout lines get longer and the aisles get crowded. Now add into this suppliers shipping thousands of items to the store before the shoppers even get there, or worse, sending items to the store that will never be picked up (every year, we receive about 40,000 items for non-existent applicants). These items clutter up the aisles, the back storerooms, and all around the store, making it difficult to match up items with the right carts. If items are shipped to the store after the application cart is created, we can just add the items straight into the cart, but if they are sent well before the app (or are send by paper prior to the app), we have to stock them on the shelves and wait for the cart to be created. That takes time. It becomes a little crazy during the days and weeks leading up to our deadlines, so we ask for a little patience as we get into deadline season. It becomes especially crazy during the holiday times (and right after), as some materials cant be loaded into carts if we are all on holiday. Here are a few suggestions to help calm the madness: Dont wait until the deadline to apply. Deadline applications only cause stress for you, your parents, your school officials, and us. If you are going to send in items, we prefer electronic documents. We are lucky enough to have a great electronic document auto-matching system, even to the point of holding them for about 40 days in an e-cloud until you apply. This allows for us to wait until an application/shopping cart is created, and then have the items flow right into your cart without us having to even touch them. If you are not sure if you are going to apply, dont have your materials sent to us, at least not until you actually decide to apply. Check your grocery list before you shop/apply. Dont wait until the last minute to check and see what you need to have in your cart. Seriously, dont do it. Make sure your name and date of birth on your materials and test scores match your application. If you tell me to find Trey Rogers test scores, but your real name is Jonathan Rogers III, we will not be able to find these on the shelf. The only exception to sending things in prior to the application are test scores, as these are always held electronically and can be matched at the point of applying or after, as long as the full name and DOB matches. If you need to have something mailed to us, understand that it takes time for the postal service to get it here and allow for that. In addition, only have mailed items sent to us after you apply. Be patient. If you request an item, dont expect it to be on the shelf or in your cart in 5 minutes. Give the sender and the receiver time to do their job. I hope this helps, and Go Dawgs!

Analysis Of Howard Zinn s A People s History Of The...

Jalen Booth Murphy APUSH 3/3/15 Native American Essay Since the very first contact, the Native Americans have been treated as subordinates, being mistreated, shamed, embarrassed, and oppressed by white settlers. After the Revolutionary War in the late 1700’s, matters only got worse for the Native Americans. Population was skyrocketing due to a great deal of immigration of white settlers in the early to mid 1800’s, and there wasn’t enough space for everyone. With this came expansion, and to reach the goals they had set out for it, the Native Americans had to go. A prime example of this is shown in Howard Zinn’s â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† where in chapter seven he talks about the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands, carelessness and failure by the American government to protect, and multiple slaughters carried out by the American military on the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, Sac and Fox, and the Seminole tribes. Closely related is â€Å"Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee,† written by Dee Brown, his writings from chapter thirteen focus on the Nez Perces tribe that resided in Oregon, and their attempt at a journey in Canada, and other western Indian tribes’ affairs. To go along with Zinn and Brown, is Alan Brinkley’s â€Å"American History,† which posed an unbiased view of what modern day textbooks are informing students across the nation about what happened to the Native Americans. An article titled â€Å"The North American Indian Holocaust,† written byShow MoreRelatedThe Patriot s History Of The United States1589 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the Civil War, the United State began to experience an industrial growth that was unparalleled to any nation. There were new advancements among America’s transportation, manufacturing and agriculture industries. 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The Presidential Election Day Falls - 1290 Words

The Presidential Election Day falls on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November every four years in the United States. However, when Election Day is over the people are not who have done the electing. In the United States, citizens elect the president not by a popular vote but through the Electoral College. The Electoral College is comprised of five hundred fifty-three electors. There is one elector for every state senator and every member of the House of Representatives per state as well as three electors from Washington, DC. (Khan 2014) The political parties choose the electors. Most of the United States has adopted the winner-take-all system; this means the candidate who has fifty-one percent or more of the votes then†¦show more content†¦The president-elect takes the oath of office and is sworn in as president of the US on January 20 in the year after the election. (Office of Federal Register 2014) As a citizen of the United States we go to the polls and vote for the electors of the candidate we want as president†¦or do we? (Office of Federal Register 2014) Four times in the history of elections in the United States has a candidate has won the popular vote but lost the election due to the electoral vote. The first time was in 1824, when Andrew Jackson won both the popular vote and the electoral vote, however because in the four-person election no one won a majority of fifty percent in the electoral college, this allowed the House of Representatives to chose the winner†¦choosing John Quincy Adams who came in second behind Jackson in both votes. The second time it happen was in 1876, when Samuel J. Tilden won fifty-one percent of the popular vote and Rutherford B. Hayes only won forty-eight percent, the electoral college vote was 184-185, and a special electoral commission picked Hayes over Tilden. The third time was in 1888, when Benjamin Harrison won the election over Grover Cleveland with 233 electoral votes even though he had the lower popular vote. The fourth and most resent time was in 2000, when Al Gore won the popular vote, but George W. Bush won the Electoral College so won the presidency. Another discrepancy that has happen is the electors whom are supposed to vote in agreement with

The impact of Climatic Change on the Decline of Black French Truffle Free Essays

Introduction 1.2 Background Truffles grow under a very sensitive environment; they naturally occur in the Mediterranean region of Europe. This has been a mysterious crop grown under a veil of secrecy for years in this region of Europe (Ruffles Estate, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of Climatic Change on the Decline of Black French Truffle or any similar topic only for you Order Now This crop is regarded as a delicacy and has sustained its appeal to food lovers all around the world. Truffle are actually a unique edible mushroom that grows underground also regarded as a fungus and is considered a delicacy complimenting the best foods worldwide. Its aroma as well as flavour is commonly described as unique (Ruffles Estate, 2013). The most preferred quality in truffle market is the black French truffle also known as Tuber melanosporum is one of the most expensive varieties in the market and occurs naturally in parts of France also geographical referred to as the Mediterranean basin (Jolly, 2012). However, the Tuber melanosporum is becoming scarcer, and there is a common idea that this scarcity is due to global change of the climate (Jolly, 2012). This has led to a sharp price increase of this rare commodity, but most of all is the concern of the gradual decline in its availability. Europe, and more so, the Mediterranean basin has seen a steady decline of this rar e species over the last 40 years (FAIR, 2000). This decline has been both in quantity, as well as quality, however this paper will examine the former. 1.3 Project Aims and Objectives This project’s principle aim is to collect and analyse data using both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the increasing decline in the production of black truffles from France also referred to as Perigord truffle and Tuber melanosporum. In this regard, the project will adopt cause-effect deductions, hypothesis testing, and observations to develop understanding this decline in truffle production and in particular whether it affects the natural occurring or cultivated truffles. A secondary aim of this project considers the reasons for the decline of production of the black French truffle. This project, through careful analysis of related research acknowledges the fact that there is a general decline in natural occurring truffle and that this decline is associated with various factors. The study seeks to identify the main reason for the decline in production and harvesting of black French truffles. The study also aims at providing recommendations to address the decline in truffle production. This study will be documented accurately in order to provide subsequent researchers with all the information necessary to further the development in this field of study. Literature Review In consideration of Truffles biological and ecological growth and development Smith and Read (1997), assert that root symbionts are most significant in checking the ecosystem function in most temperate forests of the world, and this includes the rare ectomycorrhizal fungi. Their main function is the provision of the much needed trace minerals to the truffles as well as protection from drought, disease causing agents and pests (Garbaye, 2000; Govindarajulu et al., 2005). Smith and Read (1997) further add that truffles reciprocate provision of food and protection from disease with provision of carbon to the micro-organisms. The ecology in these temperate regions is complexly interconnected, the mushrooms that are produced by the micro-organisms and are significant sources of food for the animal populations in the forests (Carey et al., 2000). However, according to FAIR (2000), the black truffles production in Europe has dramatically declined over the last half century, this is both in quality as well as quantity. Furthermore, efforts have been made to increase the vegetation that promote truffle growth, but the decline has persisted. This trend had been identified earlier by Cherfas (1991), and in his research, he claimed that the decline had begun over 100 years ago in the natural habitat, in the temperate forests. The cause of this decline in the growth and development of black truffles has been the subject of inquiries and research. There is still little explanation for these long term decline in both natural and cultivated truffle.Research is needed to help understand this decline, the real difficulty lay in understanding the underground microbial since experimental environments fail to match the necessary real world conditions (Macdonald et al., 2005). As a matter of fact Lamon et al (2009) agree that there is sca rcity of much needed extended observations of quantitative data generated from natural the natural setting. Chevalier et al. ( 2001), assert that both Tuber melanosporum and Tuber magnatum are the most valuable species in the market. These varieties are also the endangered species at the brink of extinction. Hall et al. (2001), in their findings explain that geographically, Tuber melanosporum naturally occurs in France, Italy, Bulgaria and certain areas in Europe. Martin, F. et al (2010), specifically examines the decline in the production of Tuber melanosporum, however, he also adds that they naturally occur in the Mediterranean habitat. Sourzat (2002), in the french publication, explains that T. melanosporum’s fruits best in its natural setting characterized by rocks, forests that are open that are generally warm with mild winter seasons, as well, as regular precipitation in the summers. In addition, best production is expected on the slopes where the produce receives protection from excessive cold and dry wind. According to Hall et al. (2001), research reveals that truffier es grown in rainy areas with lower temperatures and have not yielded any truffles. In fact, truffles of the T. melanosporum species grew best in climatic regions with between 600-1500 mm average precipitations, average temperatures of 18-21 degree Celsius in the summer and the winter, an average of 1-8 degree Celsius (Zambonelli Di Munno, 1992). It seems areas that continuously have frozen ground in the cold seasons are not suited for the growth of T. melanosporum because the fruits spoil when frozen. Fontana and Bonfante (1971) in their publication introduce the idea of growing truffle fungi in an artificial environment. They explain that this idea was to supplement the deficit of the produce collected in the natural habitat. This method was developed back in the 1970s indication that the decline of truffle had already been the cause of concern in the market. By the turn of the millennium, truffle grown in orchards accounted for half of the truffle produced around the world (Hall et al., 2003). It also important to note that a majority of these orchards are developed within truffles natural geographic areas. Having highlighted the required natural habitats for the truffles, and in reference to their decline, there are several suggestions based on various research on this decline. Cherfas (1991) traces back the history of this decline by asserting that the number of mushroom species gathered in every foray dropped from 72 to 38 between 1912 and 1982 in the Netherlands. In the same publication, it is revealed that chanterelles in central European market in mid 1970s were found to have reduced in size 50 times than those in 1950s. Hall et al.(2003) in their publication reveal that, by the 20th Century, T. melanosporum in the French market had dropped to 2000 tons annually and a further decline was witnessed by the turn of the 21st Century by 150 tons. It is true that the truffle harvesting in France has been an affair by a small number of people who mainly collected them from their natural setting. As seen in the previous paragraph, there is an increase in production of truffles in orchar ds as a supplement to the dwindling natural supply. In a later publication Hall et al., (2007), affirm that the decline in natural truffle harvest has persisted and is at an all time low of between 12 to 150 tonnes per year from the 1000 to 2000 tonnes in the 1990s. The steady decline in the production of truffle has led to the rise in price per unit over the last decade with an increase in demand (Lee, 2008). The decline of French Truffle has been a point of concern in the scientific research circles with some as Hall et al. (2003) in their study, pointing at water and air pollution, in addition to other factors including, the dynamism in forest structure and the lack of knowledge in traditional gathering as a result of world wars. Similar findings have been published in a report by Amaranthus (2007) citing destruction of truffle natural habitat, urban development, among the reasons for the decline. Such factors are most likely to continue reducing the production figures and specifically those in their natural settings (Amaranthus, 2007; Hall et al., 2007). Garvey and Cooper (2004), in their report further allude that this decline in natural habitat has resulted in the production of truffles on cultivated farms where the trees or truffieres are inoculated. However, these remedies cannot beat the native oak and hazel vegetation as the major producer of the French black truffles in France. In the recent years, the decline in truffle has been experienced in many regions of the world and especially the fast declining French black truffle or the Tuber melanosporum. However, it appears that most researchers are turning to climate as the main culprit. Buntgen et al.(2012) in their study on drought induced truffle decline explains the effect of climate on the production of truffle. They claim in their research that the effect of climate can either be directly or through the truffles symbiotic host vegetation. This literature review delves much into this article because of its relevance to the topic. Buntgen et al. (2012), provide in depth review on the yearly inventory of regional collection of truffle from Spain consisting of Aragon, France mainly a Perigord or Tuber melanosporum, and Italy a combination of Piedmont and Umbria. In this analysis, they indicate that the change in truffle production between 1970 and 2006 was similar between the species from Spain and France that is Aragon and Perigord respectively. Their analysis also found a lack of similarities in changes of production between Perigord and Piedmont–Umbria from France and Italy respectively. This observation from the regional-scale coherency is consistent with Sourzat (2002) observation that western mediterranean basin is the home of truffle fruiting. In addition, the harvests of Aragon and Perigord have revealed significant correlation, this the authors relate to the similarity in summer precipitation, whereas lack of correlations was found between Piedmont and Umbria production and precipitation (Buntgen et al., 2012). The difference in levels of sensitivity here is understandable because the Piedmont and Umbria experience double summer precipitation than Spanish Aragon with Perigord ranging in between (Zambonelli Di Munno, 1992). The average of the three, truffle production outcomes, their regional mean correlated both positively and negatively at higher significant leve l of 99.9 percent with between June and August rainfall totals as well as maxima temperatures. The authors, Buntgen et al.(2012), posits in their analysis that both the natural and the cultivated truffles in the Mediterranean are seasonal and are subjected to the season between November and February a claim supported by Mello et al., (2006). In addition, this is dependent on the summer condition with rainy and cold weather instrumental in the fruit body development as supported by Gallot, (1999) in his publication more than a decade prior to Buntgen et al., (2012). Buntgen et al. (2012) postulate that given the relationship between fungi and host vegetation, there is bound to be competition for moisture due to the amount of rainfall in this season and this correlate significantly at 99.9 percent level with the yield. Fischer and Schar, (2010) present a suite of a dozen climatic models leading to rise in mean temperatures and decrease in rainfall totals for the Mediterranean region until the end of the 21st Century. This is indicative of the increased summer evapotranspiratio n. It is interesting to note that the simulated southwest European climatic conditions representing the last ten years are consistent to the drop in the production of truffle harvest (Buntgen et al., 2012). Nonetheless, Buntgen et al. (2012), state that it is unclear whether the truffle will reach tipping points as a result of the projected shift in climate, this is regard to their physiological and biogeochemical fruit body development. In their assumption, the expected or projected summer dryness will result in a sustained decline, in truffle yield, while the regions north of Alpine arc are most likely to provide suitable habitat for the truffle due to their calcareousness. Based on their observations, Buntgen et al.(2012), are inclined to the idea that climatic change and more so reduced summer precipitation and increased temperatures are the cause for truffle yields in the Mediterranean basin the natural habitat of T. melanosporum. Mello et al. (2006), in their analysis claim that the reduction in future summer rainfall coupled with summer aridity will result in drought resistant strain of T. melanosporum within its natural setting or distribution range. Samils, et al, (2008) in their research predict that the expected drop in truffle harvest in the Mediterranean region, will have a significant impact not only on the local tourism, but the agriculture as well as the global prices of this valuable commodity. This is most likely to increase the value of other varieties with artificial metabolism and not specific to the requirements of their ecological niche as the T. melanosporum (Mello et al., 2006;Gallot, 1999). This might see an increase in T. aestivum cultivation in areas where traditionally T. melanosporum was predominant as well as an increase in demand of truffle from non-traditional T. melanosporum producing regions outside Europe (Buntgen et al., 2012). Splivallo et al. (2012), in their analysis of the Burgundy truffle, suggest that the change in climatic conditions that were said to have begun a century ago has no impact on the current burgundy truffle distribution. However, they concur with Buntgen et al.(2012) on the impact of climatic change on species with narrower ranges such as the French black truffle, Perigord or Tuber melanosporum, and Italy a combination of Piedmont and Umbria. They support this by claiming that if the climate fails to restrict the distribution of these two species, then even a slight temperature increase in northern Europe as predicted by Buntgen et al. (2012) might result in its northern expansion. They confirm what Chevalier et al.(2001) had outlined that rainfall, soil composition are also factors that contribute to the decline in the production of Perigord. Splivallo et al. (2012), concur with Buntgen et al.(2012) assertion that other options will be needed to avert the looming shortage of this truf fle species, success cultivation lies in orchard farming as a change from the current empirical practices. They claim that cultivation of truffle in a bid to mitigate the effects of climate change which is a major cause of the decline should be based on scientific evidence. Therefore, the rise in temperature, in its self, will not be sufficient for the shift of truffle production in the northern European region (Splivallo et al., 2012). Methodology and Procedure 3.1 Research Design This study will adopt a mixed methods research design. This process entails collecting and analysing data using both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the research problem comprehensively. When both qualitative and quantitative methods are combined in research, they supplement each other allowing a comprehensive analysis of the research problem (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003). According to Charles Mertler (2002), quantitative methods deal with numerical data using cause-effect deductions, hypothesis testing, and observations to develop an understanding of the research issue. On the other hand, qualitative methods require the researcher to develop a complete picture of the research issues by conducting an in-depth analysis of words, as well as, compiled reports by the study participants. In this approach, the researcher adopts a constructivist approach to have a complete understanding of the problem centred on different contextual aspects (Charles Mertler, 2002). In the mixed research methods, the uses pragmatic philosophy by affirming that truth is what works. Therefore, mixed methods integrate both text and numerical data to give a clear overview of the research problem. In this regard, this study will use surveys and interviews since they are the most popular data collection research tools (Creswell, 2002). In the first step of data collection, a web-based survey will be used, and data analysed using discriminant function. The qualitative method will involve semi-structured interviews to collect textual data from people to regarding the decline of Truffles. 3.2 Research Sample The target population sample will be about 1,200 environmentalists and hoteliers in France regarding the decline of truffles. These individuals are people who have been working in the hotel and environmental sectors in France. For the first quantitative stage of the research, a convenience sample will be chosen comprising individuals studying truffles decline, locals, and environmentalists, as well as, hoteliers. For the qualitative phase of the research, a smaller sample will be used to understand the main issue regarding the decline of French truffle (Creswell, 2002, p. 194). This is to ensure the selected participants will give appropriate answers to the research questions. Besides, for the qualitative part of the research, participants will be notified of their selection for voluntary follow-up individual interviews. Given the use of mixed methods research in the study, selection of participants for the qualitative part will rely on the outcomes of the quantitative stage. The us e of this approach will ensure the researcher gets a multidimensional outlook of the research problem. For this research, the participants will be chosen centred on the statistically significant difference outcomes of the discriminant function analysis. 3.3 Data Collection For the quantitative phase of the research, a cross-sectional survey will be used; this implies that statistics will be gathered at one point in time (McMillan, 2000). The survey used for this research will be of different formats including multiple choices, yes/no questions, self-evaluation items, and open-ended questions. The questionnaire will comprise twenty four questions divided equally into six sections. The first section will contain questions regarding truffles and the participant’s understanding of truffles measured on a 7-point Likert scale. The second part will evaluate the participants’ awareness regarding the decline of truffles using a 7-point scale. The third part will provide information regarding the factors participants believe to cause a decline in truffles. The current issues regarding management of truffles will constitute the fourth part while the fifth segment will provide data answering how ecological factors influence truffles survival. Demogra phic questions will be in the sixth part of the survey regarding data about the participants’ age, residency, gender, and employment among others. Besides, the final question in the survey will be open-ended asking for additional information about truffles decline in France. The survey will be web-based accessible through a URL address given to the participants. For the qualitative method, in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews will be used to collect data. Half of the research sample will be interviewed regarding the research question. Historical texts will be further used to validate the data collected from the interviews. The interviews will include twenty open-ended questions pilot-tested before the interviews. The interviews questions will be formulated based on the results from the quantitative method. During the interview, the participants will be debriefed to obtain reliable information for the interview questions though, they will be issued with the questions prior to the interviews. The interviews will be tape recorded with the participants’ consent and a copy of the transcript emailed to them after the interview. The respondents will also be allowed to review their answers for the interview transcripts to ascertain their correctness. 3.4 Data Analysis Prior to the statistical analysis of the survey results, the data will be screened on both univariate and multivariate levels. This will help the research detect any multicollinearity in the collected data. Any data that shows a high probability in another category will be excluded during the analysis since they may give a poor model fit (Tabachnick Fidell, 2000). The research’s data screening will entail descriptive statistics for the variables, linearity and homoscedasticity, normality, multivariate outliers, multicollinearity and singularity. The descriptive statistics will be tabulated, and a frequency’s analysis conducted to determine the validity of the survey questions. The discriminant function analysis will be used to determine the proportion by which the variables differ, and classify the functions into predictable groups. The results will then be reported in the form of discussion. Nonetheless, all the statistical analyses will be conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) version 11.0. In most qualitative research, data collection and analysis progress concurrently. For the qualitative analysis, data collected from the interviews will be coded and analysed for premises using the Qualitative Software and Research (QSR) N6 for qualitative data analysis. Furthermore, a visual data display will be used to identify the relationship in the data collected from the interviews. Data analysis for this phase of the research will involve creating a comprehensive description of the results; the researcher situates the cases in its context to make the case descriptions, and premises related to particular activities in the study’s outcomes (Creswell Maitta, 2002). The researcher will construe the meaning of the results and describe them in the discussion section of the research proposal. Bibliography Amaranthus, M., 2007. Independent Truffle Expert’s Report in Product Disclosure Statement for the Oak Valley Truffle Project. Oak Valley Project. Buntgen, U. et al., 2012. Drought-induced decline in Mediterranean truffle harvest. Nature Climate Change, 2, pp.827-29. Carey, A.B., Colgan, W., Trappe, J.M. Molina, R., 2000. Effects of forest management on truffle abundance and squirrel diets. Northwest Science , 76, pp.148–57. Charles, C.M. Mertler, C.A., 2002. Introduction to educational research. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Cherfas, J., 1991. Disappearing mushrooms: Another mass extinction?. Science, pp.254: 1448. Chevalier, G., Gregori, G., Frochot, H. Zambonelli, A., 2001. The cultivation of the Burgundy truffle. In Proc Second Intl Conf on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. Christchurch: Crop Food Research Limited. pp.1-12. Creswell, J.W., 2002. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education. Creswell, J.W. Maitta, R., 2002. Qualitative research. In N. Salkind, ed. Handbook of research design and social measurement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp.143-84. FAIR, 2000. Improvement of the organoleptic quality of European truffles (EUROTRUFFE). Cooperative Research Measures. Fischer, E.M. Schar, C., 2010. Nature. Geoscience, 3, pp.398–403. Fontana, A. Bonfante, P., 1971. Mycorrhizal synthesis between Tuber brumale Vitt.and Pinus nigra Arnold. Allionia, 17, pp.15-18. Gallot, G., 1999. La truffe. INRA. Garbaye, J., 2000. The role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the resistance of forests to water stress. Outlook on Agriculture , 29, pp.63-69. Garvey, D. Cooper, P., 2004. Increasing the productivity of truffieres in Tasmania. RIRDC. Govindarajulu, M. et al., 2005. Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature , 435, pp.819-23. Hall, I.R., Brown, G.T. Zamboneli, A., 2007. Taming the Truffle. The History Lore and Science of the Ulimate Mashroom. Timber Press. Hall, I., Byars, J. Brown, G., 2001. The Black Truffle: Its History, Uses and Cultivation. Christchurch: New Zealand Institute for Crop Food Research Limited. Hall, I., Yun, W. Amicucci, A., 2003. Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends in Biotechnology, 21, pp.433–438. Jolly, D., 2012. $1,200 a Pound, Truffles Suffer in the Heat. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/business/global/is-climate-change-shrinking-the-luxury-truffle-crop.html?_r=0 [Accessed 2 December 2013]. Lamon, L. et al, 2009. Environmental Science Technology, 43, pp.5818–5824. Lee, B., 2008. Taking Stock of the Australian Truffle Industry. Barton: Canprint. Macdonald, R.W., Harner, T. Fyfe, 2005. Macdonald, R. W., Harner, T. Fyfe, J. Sci. Total Environ. J. Sci. Total Environ., 342, pp.5–86. Martin, F. et al, 2010. Tuber melanosporum. Nature , 464, pp.1033–38. McMillan, J.H., 2000. Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer. 3rd ed. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman. Mello, A., Murat, C. Bonfante, P., 2006. FEMS Microbiol.. Lett, 260, pp.1–8. Ruffles Estate, 2013. An Internationally Recognised Gourmet Experience. [Online] Ruffles Estate Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://canberratruffles.com.au/† http://canberratruffles.com.au/ [Accessed 2 December 2013]. Samils, et al, 2008. Econ. Bot., 62, pp.331–40. Smith, S. Read, D.J., 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London: Academic Press. Sourzat, P., 2002. Guide pratique de trufficulture. Station d’experimentation sur la truffe. Le Montat: Lycee professionnel agricole et viticole de Cahors. Splivallo, R. et al., 2012. Is climate change altering the geographic distribution of truffles. Front Ecol Environ, 10, pp.461–62. Tabachnick, B.G. Fidell, L.S., 2000. Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn Bacon. Tashakkori, A. Teddlie, C., 2003. Handbook on mixed methods in the behavioral and social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Zambonelli, A. Di Munno, R., 1992. Indagine sulla possibilita di diffusione dei rimboschimenti con specie tartufigene: aspetti tecnico-colturali ed economici. Ministero dell’Agricoltura e delle Foreste. How to cite The impact of Climatic Change on the Decline of Black French Truffle, Essay examples

A Breath of Fresh Air free essay sample

It is common knowledge that second hand smoke is extremely dangerous for your health and even more dangerous to infants and children. Exposure to second hand smoke causes 150,000 to 300,000 acute lower respiratory tract infections (pneumonia and bronchitis) annually in children 18 months and younger; these infections result in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations each year. Second hand smoke exposure causes buildup of fluid in the middle of the ear, resulting in childhood operations and of childhood hearing loss. A California EPA study estimates that 46,000 (range is between 22,700 and 69,600) cardiovascular deaths, 3400 lung cancer deaths and 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths are annually associated with second hand smoke exposure. 1 Many children are essentially forced to breathe in toxic fumes and particulates due to their parents’, siblings’, and surrounding elders’ poor choices. Enforcing stricter smoking laws and regulations can drastically help the effects second hand smoke causes in children’s health. â€Å"Choice† is a key word and the children do not have one. It is up to us, as responsible adults, to protect them and give them a healthy living environment for them to grow and develop in. Second- hand smoke, side-stream smoke or passive smoke can affect anyone near it, including innocent children which are sometimes overlooked. Infants and young children are especially susceptible since their lungs are still developing and childhood exposure to second hand smoke results in decreased lung function. Children who breathe second hand smoke are more likely to suffer from cough, wheeze, phlegm and breathlessness. There are many ways we can help protect them with simple changes in the way we live today. While Environmental Tobacco Smoke exposure, otherwise known as ETS, is on the decline in California due to increased public awareness of its harmful effects, smoking in vehicles still poses a very real threat to vehicle occupants, especially children. Smoking can cause respirable suspended particle, otherwise known as RSP, and CO levels in cars to reach high levels when the windows are open or closed. Recent research from the Harvard School of Public Health has shown that ETS in cars can reach levels comparable to smoky bars or restaurants. In addition, smoke can settle on car surfaces, including child safety seats, making it possible for children to pick up ETS with their fingers, which they may place in their mouths, causing them to ingest ETS particles. In fact, next to workplaces, homes and cars are considered the most unhealthy places in terms of ETS exposure, again particularly for children. One step that we have made in the right direction towards car air quality for children, is Article 2. 5 Smoking in Motor Vehicles 118947, the Marco Firebaugh Memorial Children’s Health and Safety Act of 2007, otherwise known as the â€Å"Smoke Free Cars† law. It was enforced as of January 1st 2008 and states that it is unlawful for a person to smoke a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in a motor vehicle, whether in motion or at rest, in which there is a minor. A violation of this section is an infraction punishable by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars for each violation. Even though this new law is a great start to shielding children’s health problems from second hand smoke, there are still things that can be changed within this same law to maximize its power. For instance, this law states that a law enforcement officer shall not stop a vehicle for the sole purpose of determining whether the driver is in violation of this article. This part of the act should be changed, giving law enforcement the power to stop a vehicle just to determine whether a violation is taking place so that this law can have more of an impact. This act also punishes the violators by placing a fine of no more than one hundred dollars for each violation. I feel that this punishment is not enough and should be raised to a higher fine of at least two hundred and fifty dollars per offense with the ability for the fine amount to increase with each following offense. Higher penalties for the violation of this law would help make people understand the severity of their actions and hopefully change their habits. An act to amend Sections 19994. 30 and 19994. 33 of Part 2. 6 of Division 5 of the Government Code relating to tobacco, states that no public employee or member of the public shall smoke any tobacco product inside a public building, or in an outdoor area within twenty feet of a main exit, entrance, or operable window of a public building. When walking up to a building with people smoking twenty feet from the entrance, the presence of smoke is still very strong and apparent to almost anyone walking through it. Twenty feet from an entrance, exit, or operable window to a building is still too close for people to be smoking without risking second hand smoke effects. The current Surgeon General’s Report states that there is no risk-free level of second hand smoke exposure. Even brief exposures can be harmful to children. If this distance were to be changed to twice the amount, it would allow for a larger pathway to enter or exit a building without having to suffer from exposure we are currently bare to under the current law of only twenty feet. Another part of today’s law that should be revisited and updated is the current smoking age. The California law for buying tobacco products (cigarettes) is eighteen. up the habit before the age of twenty-one. 5 Raising the required age to purchase cigarettes to twenty-five would greatly shrink the potential dangers of having ignorant and uneducated smokers poisoning others around them. Being eighteen years of age does not necessarily mean you can make adult decisions. Besides raising the legal smoking age, doing things like demanding television channels to air more anti-smoking ads, like the truth commercials, or just airing the anti-smoking ads more frequently during prime time hours would decrease the current smoker numbers and prevent future smokers from picking up the dangerously addictive habit and in turn, damaging children’s health due to second hand smoke. Education is the best deterrent to preventing smokers to smoke and potential smokers to start. Although we can cut down on children’s contact to second hand smoke in and around public buildings and now even in vehicles, there is still the huge problem of the second hand smoke that is inhaled by children in their own home. The National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children’s Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (NSEMA/CEE) (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004) has found that 11% of children aged 6 years and under are exposed to ETS in their homes on a regular basis (4 or more days per week) compared to 20% in the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and that parents are responsible for 90% of children’s exposure to ETS. Children face a higher risk than adults of the negative effects of secondhand smoke. Not only is a childs body still developing physically, but their breathing rate is faster than that of adults. Adults breathe in and out approximately 14 to 18 times a minute, where newborns can breathe as many as 60 times a minute. Up until a child is about 5 years old, the respiratory rate is quite fast; usually between 20 and 60 breaths per minute. When the air is tainted with cigarette smoke, young, developing lungs receive a higher concentration of inhaled toxins than do older lungs. 6 To cut down on children involuntarily inhaling second hand smoking in the home, a new law should be passed making it illegal to smoke in your house, apartment, condo, trailer, etc. if there are children living there. Cigarette smoking should only be permitted outdoors on the porch or balcony with the door and windows closed and the person smoking being of no less than forty feet from the entrance, exit, or windows. Harsh fines should be put into action if parents, siblings, family members or even babysitters decide to smoke indoors with children currently living there. With these laws into place we can protect our children and give them a much stronger chance of living a long healthy life. One great law that the Government has implemented in order to reduce the appeal of smoking and the risks of second hand smoke, chiefly dwindling the amount of smokers in the United States, is the taxes on tobacco. In California, due to proposition 10, every pack of cigarettes sold has an automatic eighty-seven cent tax attached to it. California is ranked 30th among all fifty states when it comes to cigarette taxes, where as New Jersey is ranked number one, with a $2. 7 tax added to each pack sold. The more taxes added to tobacco purchases the more money there will be present for paying for health and smoking-cessation programs. Tobacco products are taxed by the Tobacco Products Surtax, which is currently 46. 7% of the cost of the product. Tobacco products include cigars, unrolled tobacco, snuff, chewing tobacco, and any other product, which contains 50 percent tobacco or more. The California State Board of Equalization determines the annual surtax rate. Proposition 86 would amend the state constitution by raising the tax on cigarettes in California an additional $2. 64 per pack above the current cost of about $4. 00 a pack, effectively raising the cost of a pack of cigarettes to close to $7. 00. The Board of Equalization is required by state law to increase taxes on other tobacco products in an amount equivalent to any increase in the tax on cigarettes. Prop. 86, therefore, would increase the excise tax on other tobacco products. Proposition 86 ould likely increase excise tax revenues for about $2. 1 billion annually in 2007-08. 7 Unfortunately proposition 86 did not pass and cigarettes in California only have an eight-seven cent tax on them. Making cigarettes unaffordable is a great way to reduce the number of tobacco consumers however the taxes should be steeper in order to effectively lessen cigarette purchases. If this higher tax would be implemented, there would be fewer and fewer smokers, which makes for lesser and lesser second hand smoke. With all the new rules and regulations enforced; smoke free cars, extending the distance of smoking by entryway, increasing the age to purchase cigarettes, prohibiting smoking in the home with children living there, and the increased taxes on cigarettes, innocent bystanders will remarkably suffer less then they do now by second hand smoke. Ignorance today is causing children to experience asthma, and even die from SIDS. The changes that I have proposed in the laws could help people decide to quit smoking or at the very least be smarter about where, how, and who they smoke around. Though refraining from smoking may not be easy because it is extremely addictive, the best solution to ending second hand smoke is to convince the public to quit. â€Å"If you can’t quit for yourself, quit for your kids. Kids of parents who smoke are more likely to start smoking themselves when they get older. † If you can’t quit, at least don’t smoke inside your home or your car or other places that your children will be directly exposed to the smoke. 8 The most important thing is that we keep educating ourselves on smoking safety for us and those around us also, focusing on the risks we are taking every time we decide to smoke a cigarette.